El destino de la sinagoga mayor de León después de la expulsión.

Sin resume

«Duelos os dé Dios ... e avrá christiandad». Nueva página sobre el criptojudaísmo castellano

This article analyses the inquisitorial lawsuit brought against the Judaizer Ginés de Moya, citizen of Cuenca, in 1490. Besides a genealogical table, it includes the commentary of a Jewish doctor, living in Huete (Cuenca), that we consider of a special interest for a better understanding of Castilian cryptojudaism.Este artículo presenta un análisis del proceso inquisitorial incoado contra el judaizante Ginés de Moya, vecino de Cuenca, en el año 1490. Se incluye además un cuadro genealógico y el comentario de un médico judío, vecino de Huete (Cuenca), que consideramos de especial interés para una mejor comprensión del criptojudaismo castellano

De pícaros y picaresca en el judaísmo castellano

The present study includes excerpts from sixteen historical documents dating from the latter part of the fifteenth century to the beginning years of the sixteenth. Their provenance is the Inquisition Section in the city of Cuenca's Cathedral Archive. From their contents and tone, one detects roguish behavior between and among New Christians (judeoconversos) residing in the Kingdom of Castile.Se presenta una selección de dieciséis ejemplos documentales pertenecientes a los últimos años del siglo XV y primeros del XVI, conservados en los fondos inquisitoriales del Archivo Diocesano de Cuenca. En su contenido puede advertirse el empleo de la actitud picaresca entre judeoconversos del antiguo reino de Castilla

Movimiento mesiánico hispano-portugués: Badajoz 1525

A letter dated from Badajoz, 30 March 1528, is offered in this paper. It is signed by the Inquisidor of that city and addressed to the King of Portugal. It shows an anomalous socio-religious situation about a late Messianic movement.Se presenta una carta fechada en Badajoz el 30 de marzo de 1528, firmada por el inquisidor de dicha ciudad y dirigida al rey de Portugal, en la que se expone una anómala situación socio-religiosa sobre un tardío movimiento mesiánico

Influence of crop load on the expression patterns of starch metabolism genes in alternate-bearing Citrus trees

[EN] The fruit is the main sink organ in Citrus and captures almost all available photoassimilates during its development. Consequently, carbohydrate partitioning and starch content depend on the crop load of Citrus trees. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanisms controlling the starch metabolism at the tree level in relation to presence of fruit. The aim of this study was to find the relation between the seasonal variation of expression and activity of the genes involved in carbon metabolism and the partition and allocation of carbohydrates in 'Salustiana' sweet orange trees with different crop loads. Metabolisable carbohydrates, and the expression and activity of the enzymes involved in sucrose and starch metabolism, including sucrose transport, were determined during the year in the roots and leaves of 40-year-old trees bearing heavy crop loads ('on' trees) and trees with almost no fruits ('off' trees). Fruit altered photoassimilate partitioning in trees. Sucrose content tended to be constant in roots and leaves, and surplus fixed carbon is channeled to starch production. Differences between 'on' and 'off' trees in starch content can be explained by differences in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPP) expression/activity and alpha-amylase activity which varies depending on crop load. The observed relation of AGPP and UGPP (UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) is noteworthy and indicates a direct link between sucrose and starch synthesis. Furthermore, different roles for sucrose transporter SUT1 and SUT2 have been proposed. Variation in soluble sugars content cannot explain the differences in gene expression between the 'on' and 'off' trees. A still unknown signal from fruit should be responsible for this control.The authors thank Dr. E. Primo-Millo for critically reviewing the manuscript. We also thank the staff of the ANECOOP experimental station in Museros (Valencia, Spain) for their support and assistance in the field management of the citrus orchard, and Helen Warburton for revising the language in the manuscript. This work has been partially supported by the Conselleria de Cultura, Educacio i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana [GV/2007/213 and GV/2009/034], Comision Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologia [BIO2010/18239] and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional [IIM01491.RI1].González Nebauer, S.; Renau Morata, B.; Lluch Gomez, YP.; Baroja Fernandez, E.; Pozueta-Romero, J.; Molina Romero, RV. (2014). Influence of crop load on the expression patterns of starch metabolism genes in alternate-bearing Citrus trees. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 80:105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.03.032S1051138

Sepharadim/conversos and premodern Global Hispanism

Sepharadim participated in the Hispanic vernacular culture of the Iberian Peninsula. Even in the time of al-Andalus many spoke Hispano-Romance, and even their Hebrew literature belies a deep familiarity with and love of their native Hispano-Romance languages. However, since the early sixteenth century the vast majority of Sepharadim have never lived in the Hispanic world. Sepharadim lived not in Spanish colonies defined by Spanish conquest, but in a network of Mediterranean Jewish communities defined by diasporic values and institutions. By contrast, the conversos, those Sepharadim who converted to Catholicism, whether in Spain or later in Portugal, Italy, or the New World, lived mostly in Spanish Imperial lands, were officially Catholic, and spoke normative Castilian. Their connections, both real and imagined, with Sephardic cultural practice put them at risk of social marginalization, incarceration, even death. Some were devout Catholics whose heritage and family history doomed them to these outcomes. Not surprisingly, many Spanish and Portugese conversos sought refuge in lands outside of Spanish control where they might live openly as Jews. This exodus (1600s) from the lands formerly known as Sefarad led to a parallel Sephardic community of what conversos who re-embraced Judaism in Amsterdam and Italy by a generation of conversos trained in Spanish universities. The Sephardic/Converso cultural complex exceeds the boundaries of Spanish imperial geography, confuses Spanish, Portuguese, Catholic, and Jewish subjectivities, and defies traditional categories practiced in Hispanic studies, and are a unique example of the Global Hispanophone

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival