Cultural route of the urban –fluvial landscape of the Guadalquivir river between Cordoba and Seville

El río Guadalquivir ha sido eleje vertebrador del crecimiento poblacional y configurador del territorio, especialmente en el tramo localizado entre Córdoba y Sevilladonde segeneraron localidades con fachada directa al río, situación que, como demostraremos,no fue aprovechada por la población para evolucionar.El objetivoprincipal de este trabajo, ha sido establecercuáles son los elementos patrimoniales que deben seleccionarse para formar parte de una oferta de Turismo Cultural en este tramo del río Guadalquivir, máxime cuando está localizado entre dos magníficas ciudades como son Córdoba y Sevilla, para así establecer una Ruta Cultural del Paisaje Urbano-Fluvial con la que se potencie el conocimiento de la propia historia de Andalucía. Para ello, la metodologíaque se ha seguido, es la del análisis de aquellos elementos protagonistas de la propia historia de las localidades: la morfología fluvial, la estructura morfogenética y socioeconómica del territorio y localidades, el valor patrimonial específico de esa zona,reforzando los aspectos relacionados con los valores etnológicos y culturales,y asíasegurarnos de su divulgacióny pervivencia, entre otros.Los resultados obtenidos son claros y conclusos: la situación de olvido a la que han sido sometidas estas poblaciones, es ahora lo que las convierte en verdaderas protagonistas de una interesante Ruta Cultural orientada hacia un Turismo de Conjunto, donde conviven los valores de lo arquitectónico, lo natural, lo arqueológico, lo industrial y lo etnológico, ydonde se puede aprender del pasado para entender el presente y gestionar el futuro.The Guadalquivir River has been the backbone of population growth and configurator of the territory, especially in the section located between Cordoba and Seville where localitieswere generated withdirect facadeto the river, a situation that,as we will demonstrate,was not used by the population to evolve.The main objective of this work has been to establish what heritage elements should be selected to be part of a Cultural Tourism offer in this section of the Guadalquivir River, especially when it is located between two magnificent cities such as Cordoba and Seville, in order to establish a Cultural Route of the Urban-Fluvial Landscape with which the knowledge of the own history of Andalusia is enhanced.For this, the methodology that has been followed is the analysis of those elements that are the protagonists of theownhistory of the localities: the fluvial morphology, the morphogenetic and socioeconomic structure of the territoryand localities, the specific patrimonialvalue of that area, reinforcing the aspects related to ethnological and cultural values, to ensure their disclosure and survival, among others.The results obtained are clear and conclusive: the situation of oblivion to which these populations have been subjected, is now what makes them true protagonists of an interesting Cultural Route oriented towards a Joint Tourism, where the architectural values coexist, the natural, the archaeological, the industrial and theethnological, and where you can learn from the past to understand the present and manage the future

Agrotourism in thelower course ofthe Guadalquivir (Seville)

La Marisma del Bajo Guadalquivir fue en la antigüedad una zona de poco valor económico, aislada en el territorio yasociada alestancamiento del agua, sin embargo, hoy día es de las de mayor producción arrocera de España y la segunda de la Unión Europea. La construcción de nuevos canales en el cauce del río Guadalquivir a principios del siglo XX, la llegada de los ingleses en 1926, la nacionalización de la plantación en 1937, la modernización de los sistemas productivos en 1970,y finalmente la incorporación de España en la UE en 1986fueron, por un lado,los desencadenantes de una macro superficie destinada a la producción agrícola que, hoy día en el siglo XXI, ha de diversificarse con otros usos complementarios.Por otro lado, el que estas marismas pertenezcan a la Red de Espacios Naturales Protegidos de Andalucía (RENPA),y específicamente a la RedNatura 2000 en Andalucía, destacando en su proximidad el Espacio Protegido de Doñana (Decreto 142/2016), las convierte en un lugar idóneo para la práctica del turismo basado en la experiencia directa con el cultivo del arroz. Del análisis de su evolución histórica, población, trasformacionesdelmedio físicoy cartografía, se deriva un área de oportunidad destinada a un sector turístico el cual se integra en un paisaje espectacular único en Europa, y en el que queremos establecer rutas culturales bajo el epígrafe de Agroturismo.The Marsh of the lower course of the Guadalquivirriverwas in ancient timesan area of little economic value, isolated in the territory andassociated with the stagnation of water, however, nowadaysis one of the largest rice production in Spain and the second in the European Union.The construction of new channels in the course of the Guadalquivir river at the beginning of the 20th century, the arrival of the English in 1926, the nationalization of the plantation in 1937, the modernization of production systems in 1970,and finally the incorporation of Spain into the EU in 1986 were, on the one hand,the triggers of a macro area destined to agricultural production that, today in the 21st century, has to diversify with other complementary uses.On the other hand, the fact that these marshes belong to the Network of Protected Natural Spaces of Andalusia (RENPA), and specifically to the Natura 2000 Network in Andalusia, distinguishingin its proximity the Protected Space of Doñana(Decree 142/2016), converts them in an ideal place for the practice of tourism based on direct experience with rice cultivation.As a result of the analysis of its historical evolution, population, transformations of the physical environment and cartography, an area of opportunity is derived for a tourism sector which is integrated into a spectacular landscape unique in Europe, and in which we want to establish cultural routes under the epigraph of Agrotourism

Tourist Cultural Route through the Wine Memory from Rociana del Condado (Huelva)

Rociana del Condado forma parte de la Campiña de Huelva y por tanto está incluida en el conjunto de pueblos que desde 1980 se incluyen en la Denominación de Origen Vitivinícola del Condado de Huelva; su morfología territorial, su estructura urbana y las antiguas localizaciones de bodegas hoy desaparecidas hablan de un interesante pasado. Además su ubicación en un lugar privilegiado, próxima a la Aldea del Rocío (Almonte), a las Playas de la Costa de la Luz, al Parque Nacional de Doñana, a Minas de Riotinto y a la Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche, la convierten en un lugar central del turismo onubense. El objetivo principal de esta comunicación es poner en valor el territorio y lo urbano a través de la memoria escrita, planimétrica y de sus habitantes, para potenciar su patrimonio y establecer posibles Rutas Culturales de Uso Turístico; además se analizará el valor histórico de la producción del vino en relación a infraestructuras y equipamientos en el territorio, y la cuantificación y localización de las bodegas en el municipio. Para ello la metodología a emplear será la de análisis, localización y catalogación de los elementos que en Rociana del Condado deben ser susceptibles de ser incorporados a una propuesta turística y que cuentan con cualidades óptimas para ser incorporados a la Ruta Cultural, que a su vez incorporará el Conjunto Histórico declarado BIC en 2003.Los resultados establecerán una Ruta Cultural Turística con alternativas para poner en valor la memoria vitivinícola de Rociana del Condado.Rociana del Condado is part of the Campiña de Huelva and therefore is included in the group of towns that since 1980 have been included in the protected Designation of Origin Condado de Huelva thanks to their wines; its territorial morphology, its urban structure and the old locations of wineries that have disappeared today speak of an interesting past. In addition, its location in a privileged place, close to the Aldea del Rocío (Almonte), the beaches of the Costa de la Luz, the Doñana National Park, the Minas de Riotinto and the Sierra de Aracena and Picos de Aroche, make it a central place of Huelva tourism. The main objective of this communication is to value the territory and the urban through written, planimetric memory and its inhabitants, to enhance its heritage and establish possible Cultural Routes for Tourist Use; In addition, the historical value of wine production will be analyzed in relation to infrastructure and equipment in the territory, and the quantification and location of wineries in the municipality. For this, the methodology to be used will be the analysis, location and cataloging of the elements that in Rociana del Condado must be capable of being incorporated into a tourist proposal and that have optimal qualities to be incorporated into the Cultural Route that, at the same time, will incorporate the Historical urban center declared BIC in 2003. The results will establish, one Tourist Cultural Route with some alternatives, valuing the viticultural memory of Rociana del Condado

Método de innovación en la enseñanza universitaria del urbanismo (ETSA-Sevilla) a través de cimientos audiovisuales: equilibrio entre la transmisión de conocimientos y la adquisición de competencias para el éxito docente y profesional

Aunque la cultura del Aprendizaje Cooperativo está iniciándose como Sistema de Enseñanza en muchos Grados Universitarios, es difícil verlo aplicado en Áreas Técnicas como el Grado en Fundamentos de la Arquitectura y específicamente en la disciplina del Urbanismo, a pesar de que las habilidades y competencias que se adquieren con este sistema están directamente relacionadas con el ejercicio libre de su profesión. La incorporación de la Universidad de Sevilla al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior supuso un cambio importante en los Objetivos de Plan de Estudios a través del nuevo concepto de que el alumno no es sólo receptor de información sino que su formación es el resultado de la adquisición de una serie de Competencias las cuales ha de superar antes de la finalización de sus estudios

Derecho ex cathedra. 1847-1936 Diccionario de catedráticos españoles

Edición revisada 2020.Publicación de las entradas biográficas del Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de Derecho, accesible en http://www.uc3m.es/diccionariodecatedraticos. Al dar forma de libro al material hemos prescindido de algunos elementos informativos, que se mantienen en la página electrónica indicada. Se recogen ahora solamente a los ingresados en el cuerpo con anterioridad a la guerra civil.Publication of the biographical entries of the Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de Derecho, accessible at http://www.uc3m.es/diccionariodecatedraticos. By giving those material book form, we have dispensed with some informative elements, however kept on the web page. Only professors apointed prior to the Civil War are now included.Esta publicación forma parte del proyecto “La memoria del jurista español: génesis y desarrollo de las disciplinas jurídicas” (ref. DER2014-55035-C2-1-P/DER2014-55035-C2-2-P), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (España)

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Integrative epigenomics in Sjögren´s syndrome reveals novel pathways and a strong interaction between the HLA, autoantibodies and the interferon signature

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and damage of exocrine salivary and lacrimal glands. The etiology of SS is complex with environmental triggers and genetic factors involved. By conducting an integrated multi-omics study, we confirmed a vast coordinated hypomethylation and overexpression effects in IFN-related genes, what is known as the IFN signature. Stratified and conditional analyses suggest a strong interaction between SS-associated HLA genetic variation and the presence of Anti-Ro/SSA autoantibodies in driving the IFN epigenetic signature and determining SS. We report a novel epigenetic signature characterized by increased DNA methylation levels in a large number of genes enriched in pathways such as collagen metabolism and extracellular matrix organization. We identified potential new genetic variants associated with SS that might mediate their risk by altering DNA methylation or gene expression patterns, as well as disease-interacting genetic variants that exhibit regulatory function only in the SS population. Our study sheds new light on the interaction between genetics, autoantibody profiles, DNA methylation and gene expression in SS, and contributes to elucidate the genetic architecture of gene regulation in an autoimmune population

CARB-ES-19 Multicenter Study of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli From All Spanish Provinces Reveals Interregional Spread of High-Risk Clones Such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3

ObjectivesCARB-ES-19 is a comprehensive, multicenter, nationwide study integrating whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (CP-Kpn) and E. coli (CP-Eco) to determine their incidence, geographical distribution, phylogeny, and resistance mechanisms in Spain.MethodsIn total, 71 hospitals, representing all 50 Spanish provinces, collected the first 10 isolates per hospital (February to May 2019); CPE isolates were first identified according to EUCAST (meropenem MIC &gt; 0.12 mg/L with immunochromatography, colorimetric tests, carbapenem inactivation, or carbapenem hydrolysis with MALDI-TOF). Prevalence and incidence were calculated according to population denominators. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the microdilution method (EUCAST). All 403 isolates collected were sequenced for high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), and resistome analysis.ResultsIn total, 377 (93.5%) CP-Kpn and 26 (6.5%) CP-Eco isolates were collected from 62 (87.3%) hospitals in 46 (92%) provinces. CP-Kpn was more prevalent in the blood (5.8%, 50/853) than in the urine (1.4%, 201/14,464). The cumulative incidence for both CP-Kpn and CP-Eco was 0.05 per 100 admitted patients. The main carbapenemase genes identified in CP-Kpn were blaOXA–48 (263/377), blaKPC–3 (62/377), blaVIM–1 (28/377), and blaNDM–1 (12/377). All isolates were susceptible to at least two antibiotics. Interregional dissemination of eight high-risk CP-Kpn clones was detected, mainly ST307/OXA-48 (16.4%), ST11/OXA-48 (16.4%), and ST512-ST258/KPC (13.8%). ST512/KPC and ST15/OXA-48 were the most frequent bacteremia-causative clones. The average number of acquired resistance genes was higher in CP-Kpn (7.9) than in CP-Eco (5.5).ConclusionThis study serves as a first step toward WGS integration in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in Spain. We detected important epidemiological changes, including increased CP-Kpn and CP-Eco prevalence and incidence compared to previous studies, wide interregional dissemination, and increased dissemination of high-risk clones, such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3

The first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Spain was associated with early introductions and fast spread of a dominating genetic variant

SeqCOVID-Spain consortium: Álvaro Chiner-Oms, Irving Cancino-Muñoz, Mariana G. López, Manuela Torres-Puente, Inmaculada Gómez-Navarro, Santiago Jiménez-Serrano, Jordi Pérez-Tur, Darío García de Viedma, Laura Pérez-Lago, Marta Herranz, Jon Sicilia, Pilar Catalán-Alonso, Julia Suárez González, Patricia Muñoz, Mireia Coscolla, Paula Ruiz-Rodríguez, Fernando González-Candelas, Iñaki Comas, Lidia Ruiz-Roldán, María Alma Bracho, Neris García-González, Llúcia Martínez Priego, Inmaculada Galán-Vendrell, Paula Ruiz-Hueso, Griselda De Marco, María Loreto Ferrús-Abad, Sandra Carbó-Ramírez, Giuseppe D’Auria, Galo Adrian Goig, Juan Alberola, Jose Miguel Nogueira, Juan José Camarena, David Navarro, Eliseo Albert, Ignacio Torres, Maitane Aranzamendi Zaldumbide, Óscar Martínez Expósito, Nerea Antona Urieta, María de Toro, María Pilar Bea-Escudero, Jose Antonio Boga, Cristian Castelló-Abietar, Susana Rojo-Alba, Marta Elena Álvarez-Argüelles, Santiago Melón, Elisa Martró, Antoni E. Bordoy, Anna Not, Adrián Antuori, Anabel Fernández-Navarro, Andrés Canut-Blasco, Silvia Hernáez Crespo, Maria Luz Cordón Rodríguez, Maria Concepción Lecaroz Agara, Carmen Gómez-González, Amaia Aguirre-Quiñonero, José Israel López-Mirones, Marina Fernández-Torres, Maria Rosario Almela-Ferrer, Ana Carvajal, Juan Miguel Fregeneda-Grandes, Héctor Argüello, Gustavo Cilla Eguiluz, Milagrosa Montes Ros, Luis Piñeiro Vázquez, Ane Sorarrain, José María Marimón, José J. Costa-Alcalde, Rocío Trastoy, Gema Barbeito Castiñeiras, Amparo Coira, María Luisa Pérez del Molino, Antonio Aguilera, Begoña Palop-Borrás, Inmaculada de Toro Peinado, Maria Concepción Mediavilla Gradolph, Mercedes Pérez-Ruiz, Mirian Fernández-Alonso, Jose Luis del Pozo, Oscar González-Recio, Mónica Gutiérrez-Rivas, Jovita Fernández-Pinero, Miguel Ángel Jiménez Clavero, Begoña Fuster Escrivá, Concepción Gimeno Cardona, María Dolores Ocete Mochón, Rafael Medina-Gonzalez, José Antonio Lepe, Verónica González Galán, Ángel Rodríguez-Villodres, Nieves Gonzalo Jiménez, Jordi Reina, Carla López-Causapé, Maria Dolores Gómez-Ruiz, Eva M. Gonzalez-Barbera, José Luis López-Hontangas, Vicente Martín, Antonio J. Molina, Tania Fernandez-Villa, Ana Milagro Beamonte, Nieves Felisa Martínez-Cameo, Yolanda Gracia-Grataloup, Rosario Moreno-Muñoz, Maria Dolores Tirado Balaguer, José María Navarro-Marí, Irene Pedrosa-Corral, Sara Sanbonmatsu-Gámez, Antonio Oliver, Mónica Parra Grande, Bárbara Gómez Alonso, Francisco José Arjona Zaragozí, Maria Carmen Pérez González, Francisco Javier Chamizo López, Ana Bordes-Benítez, Núria Rabella, Ferran Navarro, Elisenda Miró, Antonio Rezusta, Alexander Tristancho, Encarnación Simarro Córdoba, Julia Lozano-Serra, Lorena Robles Fonseca, Álex Soriano, Francisco Javier Roig Sena, Hermelinda Vanaclocha Luna, Isabel Sanmartín, Daniel García-Souto, Ana Pequeño-Valtierra, Jose M. C. Tubio, Javier Temes, Jorge Rodríguez-Castro, Martín Santamarina García, Manuel Rodríguez-Iglesias, Fátima Galán-Sanchez, Salud Rodríguez-Pallares, José Manuel Azcona-Gutiérrez, Miriam Blasco-Alberdi, Alfredo Mayor, Alberto L. García-Basteiro, Gemma Moncunill, Carlota Dobaño, Pau Cisteró, Oriol Mitjà, Camila González-Beiras, Martí Vall-Mayans, Marc Corbacho-Monné, Andrea Alemany, Cristina Muñoz-Cuevas, Guadalupe Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Rafael Benito, Sonia Algarate, Jessica Bueno, Andrea Vergara-Gómez, Miguel J. Martínez, Jordi Vila, Elisa Rubio, Aida Peiró-Mestres, Jessica Navero-Castillejos, David Posada, Diana Valverde, Nuria Estévez, Iria Fernández-Silva, Loretta de Chiara, Pilar Gallego-García, Nair Varela, Ulises Gómez-Pinedo, Mónica Gozalo-Margüello, Maria Eliecer Cano García, José Manuel Méndez-Legaza, Jesus Rodríguez-Lozano, María Siller, Daniel Pablo-Marcos, Maria Montserrat Ruiz-García, Antonio Galiana, Judith Sánchez-Almendro, Maria Isabel Gascón Ros, Cristina Juana Torregrosa-Hetland, Eva María Pastor Boix, Paloma Cascales Ramos, Pedro Luis Garcinuño Enríquez, Salvador Raga Borja, Julia González Cantó, Olalla Martínez Macias, Adolfo de Salazar, Laura Viñuela González, Natalia Chueca, Federico García, Cristina Gómez-Camarasa, Amparo Farga Martí, Rocío Falcón, Victoria Domínguez-Márquez, Anna M. Planas, Israel Fernández-Cádenas, Maria Ángeles Marcos, Carmen Ezpeleta, Ana Navascués, Ana Miqueleiz Zapatero, Manuel Segovia, Antonio Moreno-Docón, Esther Viedma, Raúl Recio Martínez, Irene Muñoz-Gallego, Sara Gonzalez-Bodi, Maria Dolores Folgueira, Jesús Mingorance, Elias Dahdouh, Fernando Lázaro-Perona, María Rodríguez-Tejedor, María Pilar Romero-Gómez, Julio García-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos Galán, Mario Rodríguez-Dominguez, Laura Martínez-García, Melanie Abreu Di Berardino, Manuel Ponce-Alonso, Jose Maria González-Alba, Ivan Sanz-Muñoz, Diana Pérez San José, Maria Gil Fortuño, Juan B. Bellido-Blasco, Alberto Yagüe Muñoz, Noelia Hernández Pérez, Helena Buj Jordá, Óscar Pérez Olaso, Alejandro González Praetorius, Nora Mariela Martínez Ramírez, Aida Ramírez Marinero, Eduardo Padilla León, Alba Vilas Basil, Mireia Canal Aranda, Albert Bernet Sánchez, Alba Bellés Bellés, Eric López González, Iván Prats Sánchez, Mercè García-González, Miguel José Martínez-Lirola, Manuel Ángel Rodríguez Maresca, Maria Teresa Cabezas Fernández, María Eugenia Carrillo Gil, Maria Paz Ventero Martín, Carmen Molina Pardines, Nieves Orta Mira, María Navarro Cots, Inmaculada Vidal Catalá, Isabel García Nava, Soledad Illescas Fernández-Bermejo, José Martínez-Alarcón, Marta Torres-Narbona, Cristina Colmenarejo, Lidia García-Agudo, Jorge A. Pérez García, Martín Yago López, María Ángeles Goberna Bravo, Victoria Simón García, Gonzalo Llop Furquet, Agustín Iranzo Tatay, Sandra Moreno-Marro, Noelia Lozano Rodríguez, Amparo Broseta Tamarit, Juan José Badiola Díez, Amparo Martínez-Ramírez, Ana Dopazo, Sergio Callejas, Alberto Benguría, Begoña Aguado, Antonio Alcamí, Marta Bermejo Bermejo, Ricardo Ramos-Ruíz, Víctor Manuel Fernández Soria, Fernando Simón Soria & Mercedes Roig CardellsThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the world radically since 2020. Spain was one of the European countries with the highest incidence during the first wave. As a part of a consortium to monitor and study the evolution of the epidemic, we sequenced 2,170 samples, diagnosed mostly before lockdown measures. Here, we identified at least 500 introductions from multiple international sources and documented the early rise of two dominant Spanish epidemic clades (SECs), probably amplified by superspreading events. Both SECs were related closely to the initial Asian variants of SARS-CoV-2 and spread widely across Spain. We inferred a substantial reduction in the effective reproductive number of both SECs due to public-health interventions (Re < 1), also reflected in the replacement of SECs by a new variant over the summer of 2020. In summary, we reveal a notable difference in the initial genetic makeup of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain compared with other European countries and show evidence to support the effectiveness of lockdown measures in controlling virus spread, even for the most successful genetic variants.This work was mainly funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III project COV20/00140, with additional funding by Spanish National Research Council project CSIC-COV19-021, Ministerio de Ciencia project PID2019-104477RB-100, ERC StG 638553 and ERC CoG 101001038 to I.C., and BFU2017-89594R to F.G.C. M.C. is supported by Ramón y Cajal program from Ministerio de Ciencia and grants RTI2018-094399-A-I00 and Generalitat Valenciana (Regional Government) project SEJI/2019/011. We gratefully acknowledge Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Lab and all the international researchers and institutions that submitted sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes to the GISAID’s EpiCov Database (Supplementary Table 1), as an important part of our analyses has been made possible by the sharing of their work. We also thank Unidad de Bioinformática y Estadística, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, for allowing us to use the Computer Cluster to perform some of the bioinformatic analysis.Peer reviewe