Stress transfer among en echelon and opposing thrusts and tear faults : triggering caused by the 2003 Mw = 6.9 Zemmouri, Algeria, earthquake

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (2011): B03305, doi:10.1029/2010JB007654.The essential features of stress interaction among earthquakes on en echelon thrusts and tear faults were investigated, first through idealized examples and then by study of thrust faulting in Algeria. We calculated coseismic stress changes caused by the 2003 Mw = 6.9 Zemmouri earthquake, finding that a large majority of the Zemmouri afterslip sites were brought several bars closer to Coulomb failure by the coseismic stresses, while the majority of aftershock nodal planes were brought closer to failure by an average of ∼2 bars. Further, we calculated that the shallow portions of the adjacent Thenia tear fault, which sustained ∼0.25 m slip, were brought >2 bars closer to failure. We calculated that the Coulomb stress increased by 1.5 bars on the deeper portions of the adjacent Boumerdes thrust, which lies just 10–20 km from the city of Algiers; both the Boumerdes and Thenia faults were illuminated by aftershocks. Over the next 6 years, the entire south dipping thrust system extending 80 km to the southwest experienced an increased rate of seismicity. The stress also increased by 0.4 bar on the east Sahel thrust fault west of the Zemmouri rupture. Algiers suffered large damaging earthquakes in A.D. 1365 and 1716 and is today home to 3 million people. If these shocks occurred on the east Sahel fault and if it has a ∼2 mm/yr tectonic loading rate, then enough loading has accumulated to produce a Mw = 6.6–6.9 shock today. Thus, these potentially lethal faults need better understanding of their slip rate and earthquake history.Funding by the U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance of the U.S. Agency for International Development is gratefully acknowledged. Additional funding was provided by the INSU research project ACI Cat‐Nat Risque Sismique de la Région d’Alger. S. Belabbes was supported by the Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Research

Omori-like decay of postseismic velocities following continental earthquakes

Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the transient, enhanced surface deformation rates following earthquakes. Unfortunately, these different mechanisms can produce very similar surface deformation patterns leading to difficulty in distinguishing between them. Here, we return to the observations themselves and compile near-field postseismic velocity measurements following moderate to large continental earthquakes. We find that these velocities have a remarkably consistent pattern, with velocity inversely proportional to time since the earthquake. This suggests that postseismic velocities show an Omori-like decay and that postseismic displacements increase logarithmically over time. These observations are inconsistent with simple, linear Maxwell or Burgers body viscoelastic relaxation mechanisms but are consistent with rate-and-state frictional afterslip models and power-law shear zone models. The results imply that postseismic surface deformation measurements are primarily the result of fault zone processes, and therefore, that the inference of lower crustal viscosities from near-field postseismic deformation requires care

Motivational strategies for more exercise in the setting of health and fitness : analysis of measures and their effectiveness using the example of Gesundzimmer AG

In dieser Arbeit soll die Beeinflussung vom Bewegungsverhalten der Menschen anhand einer empirischen Studie mit den Patienten der Gesundzimmer AG ergründet werden. Nach der Darstellung der zentralen Elemente der Wissenschaftsdisziplinen Gesundheit, Sport und Psychologie hinsichtlich der Zusammenhänge untereinander, folgt die Beschreibung der Datenerhebung. Hier werden Konzept und Ergebnisse vorgestellt sowie letztere, im Hinblick auf die Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage, interpretiert. Zuletzt wird neben dem Fazit eine Zukunftsprognose gezogen

En droit algérien, le contrat de transport maritime de marchandises est-il un contrat tripartite ?

International audienceنظريا، لا ينعقد العقد إلا بتطابق إرادة الأطراف، و لا ينشئ التزامات إلا في مواجهتهم. غير أنه فيما يتعلق عقد النقل البحري للبضائع، فإن مسألة اعتبار المرسل إليه طرفا في عقد النقل لا يبدو أنه تم حسمها.In theory, the contract is formed only by the meeting of the minds between the parties, and creates obligations only towards them. However, with regard to the contract of carriage of goods by sea, the question of whether the consignee is a party to the contract of carriage does not seem to have been resolved.En théorie, le contrat ne se forme que par l'accord des volontés entre les parties, et ne crée d'obligations qu'à leur égard. Toutefois, en ce qui concerne le contrat de transport maritime de marchandises, la question de savoir si le destinataire est partie au contrat de transport ne semble pas avoir été résolue

La chose jugée au pénal et les actions en responsabilité civile en droit maritime et en droit aérien : état du droit français et du droit algérien

The separation between repressive justice and civil justice necessarily results in a connection between public action and civil action, since these two actions have a common element, which is “liability”. One of the consequences of this connection is the res judicata effect of a criminal judgment over the civil actions. But this authority is not absolute, because it is attributed only to certain findings of the repressive decision, which themselves are assessed according to the substantive rules applicable to criminal and civil actions. Maritime and air law being special law, the res judicata in criminal matters over the civil actions should not act in the same way as in ordinary law.De la séparation entre la justice répressive et la justice civile, il en résulte nécessairement une connexion entre l’action publique et l’action civile, puisque ces deux actions ont un élément commun, qui est la « responsabilité ». L’une des conséquences de cette connexion, est l’autorité de la chose jugée au pénal sur le civil. Mais cette autorité n’est pas absolue, car elle n’est attribuée qu’à certaines constatations de la décision répressive, qui elles-mêmes s’apprécient suivant les règles de fond applicables aux actions pénale et civile. Le droit maritime et le droit aérien étant des droits spéciaux, la chose jugée au pénal sur le civil ne devrait pas agir de la même manière qu’en droit commun

L'expertise judiciaire dans le Code de procédure civile et administrative (étude comparée)

International audienc

Doit-on réformer les dispositions du Code maritime relatives aux mesures coercitives prises à bord d’un navire ?

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