Fixing Prior Consultation for Indigenous Empowerment

Over the last three decades, extractive conflicts in Latin America have become increasingly violent. Hundreds of Indigenous activists have been murdered for defending their land against extractive interests. The international formula for addressing this type of conflict is for governments to conduct prior consultation procedures with Indigenous communities before affecting indigenous territories. However, the misuse of consultations by governments and companies to legitimize ecologically destructive projects has led a sector of Indigenous organizations to reject prior consultation, while others continue advocating for free, prior, and informed consent. We compare two cases of Indigenous communities from Oaxaca and Yucatán in Mexico who have made diverse use of prior consultation with positive results for their communities. We underline the conditions under which Indigenous leaders can use these procedures for community empowerment. We emphasize that prior consultation fulfills its primary role when it enables Indigenous participants to achieve their goals rather than serving merely as a bureaucratic procedure that validates the economic agenda of a state. We argue that it is through Indigenous empowerment that participatory procedures can create new venues for peacebuilding within Indigenous territories

Sistema de gestión de la calidad con gobernanza e interculturalidad en Ecotur Yahuiche, Oaxaca

The innovation of administrative processes responds to one of the challenges of community tourism companies for the conciliation between community organization and business operation. The objective of this study is to analyze the process of implementing a quality management system (QMS) in Ecotur Yahuiche S.P.R. by R.I. from a community governance and intercultural approach. The participatory action research methodology and participant observation were used in a transversal way in the application of the PDCA method (Deming cycle) to implement the QMS and adapt the ISO 9001-2008 standard to the characteristics of governance and interculturality. The results show that Ecotur Yahuiche strengthened the provision of ecotourism services with the implementation of the SGC, while upholding community values and visitor-host interculturality.La innovación de procesos administrativos responde a uno de los retos de las empresas de turismo comunitario para la conciliación entre la organización comunitaria y el funcionamiento empresarial. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el proceso de implementación de un sistema de gestión de la calidad (SGC) en Ecotur Yahuiche S. P. R. de R. I. desde un enfoque de gobernanza comunitaria e interculturalidad. Se empleó la metodología de investigación acción participativa y observación participante de manera transversal en la aplicación del método PHVA (ciclo Deming) para poner en marcha el SGC y adecuar la norma ISO 9001-2008 a las características de gobernanza e interculturalidad. Los resultados muestran que Ecotur Yahuiche fortaleció la prestación de servicios ecoturísticos con la implementación del SGC, a la vez que sostuvo los valores comunitarios e interculturalidad visitante-anfitrión

Sistema de gestión de la calidad con gobernanza e interculturalidad en Ecotur Yahuiche, Oaxaca

La innovación de procesos administrativos responde a uno de los retos de las empresas de turismo comunitario para la conciliación entre la organización comunitaria y el funcionamiento empresarial. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el proceso de implementación de un sistema de gestión de la calidad (SGC) en Ecotur Yahuiche S. P. R. de R. I. desde un enfoque de gobernanza comunitaria e interculturalidad. Se empleó la metodología de investigación acción participativa y observación participante de manera transversal en la aplicación del método PHVA (ciclo Deming) para poner en marcha el SGC y adecuar la norma ISO 9001-2008 a las características de gobernanza e interculturalidad. Los resultados muestran que Ecotur Yahuiche fortaleció la prestación de servicios ecoturísticos con la implementación del SGC, a la vez que sostuvo los valores comunitarios e interculturalidad visitante-anfitrión

Bioprospección de receptores de insulina a partir de ARN mensajero en Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Suppression of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) molecules by RNA interference (RNAi) has been proposed as a method for controlling insect pests. RNAi impedes the morphological and functional development of insects and is considered highly specific. In this study, insulin receptors (InR) were searched for in Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from aphid mRNA, as a first step for further design of RNAi targeting InR suppression. From complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) and by means of nested PCR, the region corresponding to InR was amplified with two pairs of primers designed for Nilapavata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae). InRs could not be identified. However, the presence of the follistatin-binding receptor protein Dip2A (FS) was predicted from the regions of similarity with the InRs that are involved in signal translation in insects. We recommend continuing the search for aphid specific InRs, as well as possible primers for Dip2A regions, to identify a highly specific RNAi.La supresión de moléculas de ácido ribonucleico mensajero (ARNm) mediante ARN interferente (ARNi) se ha propuesto como método de control de insectos plagas. El ARNi impide el desarrollo morfológico y funcional de los insectos y se considera altamente específico. En este estudio se buscaron receptores de insulina (InR) en Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) a partir del ARNm de pulgones, como primer paso para el diseño posterior de ARNi dirigido a la supresión de InR. A partir del ácido desoxirribonucleico complementario (ADNc) y mediante PCR anidada, se amplificó la región correspondiente a InR con dos pares de cebadores diseñados para Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae). No se logró identificar InR, en su lugar se predice la presencia de la proteína receptora Dip2A de unión a folistatina (FS) debido a que comparten regiones proteicas similares con los InR, involucradas en la traducción de señales en los insectos. Se sugiere continuar con la búsqueda de InR específicos para el pulgón, así como posibles cebadores para regiones de Dip2A, para lograr un ARNi altamente específico

Reproducing life in a dynamic environment: building tourist capabilities in San Andrés Ixtla- huaca, Oaxaca, México

Bajo el enfoque de la teoría de capacidades dinámicas y nueva ruralidad comunitaria, el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el desarrollo de capacidades turísticas gestadas en procesos de organización de la experiencia comunitaria para hacer frente a la escasez hídrica en San Andrés Ixtlahuaca, Oaxaca. Se utilizaron herramientas cualitativas para comprender los procesos de aprendizaje comunitario, y herramientas cuantitativas para identificar la conformación de las capacidades y sus relaciones. Los resultados muestran la presencia de capacidades para la adquisición, internalización y transformación del conocimiento en el ámbito turístico, que son resultado de procesos de organización de la experiencia de los saberes tradicionales y de nuevos aprendizajes. Estas capacidades se integran en una estrategia para la continuidad de la vida comunitaria en términos de la conservación y un mejor aprovechamiento de sus recursos.This research works with skill dynamics and new rural community approaches to analyse how to generate community tourism skills and management, principally related to cope with water shortages in San Andrés Ixtlahuaca, Oaxaca. Qualitative tools were used to understand community learning processes, and quantitative tools were used to identify training and relationships. The results evidence dynamic capac‐ ity for acquisition, internalisation and transformation of knowledge relating to tourism. New knowledge is organized and integrated into traditional know‐how toward a strategy for the continuity of community life in terms of conservation and better use of communal resources

Intervención Educativa de Enfermería en las Capacidades de Autocuidado de personas con Diabetes Tipo 2 de Tenosique, Tabasco

One of these diseases with majorsocial, economic and epidemiological impact is the Diabetes Mellitus (DM), which according to the WHO (2013) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disorders of the metabolism of the carbohydrates, the fats and the proteins as consequence of anomalies of the secretion or of the effect of the insulin. This investigation is sustained in the General Theory of the Deficit of Autocare Dorothea Orem's (TGDA). The aim was to determine the effect of an educational intervention of infirmary in the Capacities of Autocare (CAC) and the State of health (BELONGS) to the persons with DM2. The design is quasi-experimental of longitudinal court, with one n=30 participants, I divide in 2 groups [Group Control (GC) and Experimental Group (GE)]. It was in use like I orchestrate the " Scale to estimate Capacities of Autocare ". There was designed an Educational Intervention of Infirmary (IEE) by 12 meetings. The results showed increase in the CAC with an average of 39.33 (GIVE 2.60) in the pretest and 82.20 (GIVE 2.90) in the pos test, the CAC present negative significant relation with European Scientific Journal August 2018 edition Vol.14, No.24 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 380 the IMC [rs =-.330 (p <0.01)], capillary blood sugar [rs =-.542 (p <0.01)], cholesterol [rs =-.367 (p <0.01)], triglycerides [rs =-.587 (p <0.01)] and hemoglobin glucosilada [rs =-.478 (p <0.01)]. On having realized the test T de Student for related samples obtained one t =-61.588 with 14 degrees of freedom for a confidence interval of 95 %, locating an average of -42.86667; what shows that it exists a difference of averages enters the pre and pos tries by means of a positive effect of the IEE in the CAC

Validation of UVEDAI: An Index for Evaluating the Level of Inflammatory Activity in Uveitis

Introduction Uveitis is the inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, the uvea, and is a major cause of blindness. None of the instruments used in clinical practice are, in themselves, sufficient to evaluate the course of uveitis. Therefore, it is necessary to develop instruments enabling standardized measurement of inflammatory activity. We developed a composite disease activity index for patients with uveitis known as UVEDAI, which considers the overall activity of the eye. The objective of this study was to validate the composite index of ocular inflammation, UVEDAI. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional study involving eight Spanish tertiary hospitals. Sixty-two patients aged ≥ 18 years with acute uveitis were recruited. Participants gave informed consent before participating in the study. A full ophthalmological examination was performed by two ophthalmologists to determine inflammatory activity: one used the UVEDAI score and the other used clinical judgment. The ophthalmologists did not share their findings with each other to avoid introducing bias into the analysis. Construct validity was established by means of factor analysis. The criterion validity of the index was determined using an ordinal multivariate regression model, in which the dependent variable was the degree of uveal inflammation (mild, moderate, or high/severe). Cut-off points were determined for the UVEDAI and for the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results Sixty-two patients were included. Total variance with the three components accounted for 80.32% of the construct validity. Each of the three components identified one type of eye involvement. The discriminatory capacity of UVEDAI was 0.867 (95% CI 0.778; 0.955 p < 0.001) for mild versus moderate–high and 0.946 (95% CI 0.879; 1.000 p < 0.001) for high versus mild–moderate. Conclusions The variables included in UVEDAI enable ocular inflammatory activity to be described with a high degree of accuracy. The index may be used to evaluate and classify this activity with considerable discriminatory power.We would like to acknowledge the support of Abbvie: this study was conducted with an unrestricted grant from Abbvie. The Spanish Society of Rheumatology is the sponser and funder of this study and the journal's Rapid Service Fee, and has participated in the study design; in the analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. The corresponding author had full access to all study data and had final responsibility for the decision to submit the manuscript for publication

Anti-IL-6 Receptor Tocilizumab in Refractory Graves? Orbitopathy: National Multicenter Observational Study of 48 Patients

Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease (GD). Our aim was to assess the e cacy and safety of Tocilizumab (TCZ) in GO refractory to conventional therapy. This was an open-label multicenter study of glucocorticoid-resistant GO treated with TCZ. The main outcomes were the best-corrected visual acuity (BVCA), Clinical Activity Score (CAS) and intraocular pressure (IOP). These outcome variables were assessed at baseline, 1st, 3rd, 6th and 12th month after TCZ therapy onset. The severity of GO was assessed according to the European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO). We studied 48 (38 women and 10 men) patients (95 eyes); mean age standard deviation 51 11.8 years. Before TCZ and besides oral glucocorticoids, they had received IV methylprednisolone (n = 43), or selenium (n = 11). GO disease was moderate (n =29) or severe (n = 19) and dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) (n = 7). TCZ was used in monotherapy (n = 45) or combined (n = 3) at a dose of 8 mg/kg IV every four weeks (n = 43) or 162 mg/s.c. every week (n = 5). TCZ yielded a significant improvement in all of the main outcomes at the 1st month that was maintained at one year. Comparing the baseline with data at 1 year all of the variables improved; BCVA (0.78 0.25 vs. 0.9 0.16; p = 0.0001), CAS (4.64 1.5 vs. 1.05 1.27; p = 0.0001) and intraocular pressure (IOP) (19.05 4.1 vs. 16.73 3.4 mmHg; p = 0.007). After a mean follow-up of 16.1 2.1 months, low disease activity (CAS 3), was achieved in 88 eyes (92.6%) and TCZ was withdrawn in 29 cases due to low disease activity (n = 25) or ine cacy (n = 4). No serious adverse events were observed. In conclusion, TCZ is a useful and safe therapeutic option in refractory GO treatment.This work was also partially supported by RETICS Programs, RD08/0075 (RIER) and RD12/0009/0013 from “Instituto de Salud Carlos III” (ISCIII) (Spain)

Além das Capturas da Consulta Indígena: A Luta pela Água nos Vales Centrais de Oaxaca

In the defense of the territory and especially of water, the right to consultation has become the most invoked legal route. The objective of this article is to analyze the mechanisms in which the catches of the social struggle and the novel responses of Zapotec peasants from the Central Valleys in Oaxaca, Mexico, organized in the Coordination of Peoples United for the Defense and Care of Water during the indigenous consultation process started in 2015. Documentary monitoring of the process was carried out, participant observation as consultant for the consultation until the beginning of the consultative phase, and eight in-depth interviews with key actors. It is concluded that farmers produce responses that reject semantic, organizational or political captures, subvert them in novel ways both in language and in concrete solutions to the problems they face.En la defensa del territorio y especialmente del agua, el derecho a la consulta se ha constituido como la vía legal más invocada. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los mecanismos en que proceden las capturas de la lucha social y las novedosas respuestas de campesinos zapotecos de los Valles Centrales en Oaxaca, México, organizados en la Coordinadora de Pueblos Unidos por la Defensa y el Cuidado del Agua durante el proceso de consulta indígena iniciado en 2015. Se realizó el seguimiento documental del proceso, observación participante como asesora de la consulta hasta el inicio de la fase consultiva, y se realizaron ocho entrevistas a profundidad con actores clave. Se concluye que los campesinos producen respuestas que rechazan las capturas semántica, organizativa o política, las subvierten en formas novedosas tanto en el lenguaje como en las soluciones concretas a los problemas que enfrentan.Dans la défense du territoire et surtout de l'eau, le droit à la consultation est devenu la voie juridique&nbsp; invoquée. L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser les mécanismes à l'origine des captures de la lutte sociale et des réponses innovantes des paysans zapotèques des vallées centrales de Oaxaca, Mexique, organisées au sein du Comité de coordination des peuples unis pour la défense et la protection de l'eau lors du processus de consultation indigène initié en 2015. Le processus a été suivi par la documentation, l'observation des participants en tant que conseiller de la consultation jusqu'au début de la phase de consultation, et huit entretiens approfondis ont été menés avec les principaux acteurs. Il a été conclu que les paysans produisent des réponses qui rejettent les captures sémantiques, organisationnelles ou politiques, les subvertissant de manière nouvelle tant dans le langage que dans les solutions concrètes aux problèmes auxquels ils sont confrontés.Nella difesa del territorio e soprattutto dell'acqua, il diritto alla consultazione è diventato la via legale più invocata. L'obiettivo di questo articolo è quello di analizzare i meccanismi in cui hanno avuto origine le catture della lotta sociale e le risposte innovative dei contadini zapotechi delle Valli Centrali di Oaxaca, Messico, organizzate nel Comitato di Coordinamento dei Popoli Uniti per la Difesa e la Cura dell'Acqua durante il processo di consultazione indigena iniziato nel 2015. Il processo è stato seguito con la documentazione, l'osservazione dei partecipanti in qualità di consulenti della consultazione fino all'inizio della fase di consultazione e sono stati condotti otto colloqui approfonditi con i principali attori. Si è concluso che i contadini producono risposte che rifiutano le catture semantiche, organizzative o politiche, sovvertendole in modi nuovi sia nel linguaggio che nelle soluzioni concrete ai problemi che affrontano.Na defesa do território e especialmente da água, o direito à consulta tornou-se a via legal mais invocada. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os mecanismos nos quais se originaram as capturas da luta social e as respostas inovadoras dos camponeses Zapotec dos Vales Centrais em Oaxaca, México, organizadas no Comitê Coordenador dos Povos Unidos pela Defesa e Cuidados com a Água durante o processo de consulta indígena iniciado em 2015. O processo foi acompanhado com documentação, observação dos participantes como consultores da consulta até o início da fase de consulta, e foram realizadas oito entrevistas em profundidade com atores-chave. Concluiu-se que os camponeses produzem respostas que rejeitam as capturas semânticas, organizacionais ou políticas, subvertendo-as de novas maneiras tanto na linguagem quanto em soluções concretas para os problemas que enfrentam

Más allá de las capturas de la consulta indígena: la lucha por el agua en Valles Centrales de Oaxaca

In the defense of the territory and especially of water, the right to consultation has become the most invoked legal route. The objective of this article is to analyze the mechanisms in which the catches of the social struggle and the novel responses of Zapotec peasants from the Central Valleys in Oaxaca, Mexico, organized in the Coordination of Peoples United for the Defense and Care of Water during the indigenous consultation process started in 2015. Documentary monitoring of the process was carried out, participant observation as consultant for the consultation until the beginning of the consultative phase, and eight in-depth interviews with key actors. It is concluded that farmers produce responses that reject semantic, organizational or political captures, subvert them in novel ways both in language and in concrete solutions to the problems they face.En la defensa del territorio y especialmente del agua, el derecho a la consulta se ha constituido como la vía legal más invocada. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los mecanismos en que proceden las capturas de la lucha social y las novedosas respuestas de campesinos zapotecos de los Valles Centrales en Oaxaca, México, organizados en la Coordinadora de Pueblos Unidos por la Defensa y el Cuidado del Agua durante el proceso de consulta indígena iniciado en 2015. Se realizó el seguimiento documental del proceso, observación participante como asesora de la consulta hasta el inicio de la fase consultiva, y se realizaron ocho entrevistas a profundidad con actores clave. Se concluye que los campesinos producen respuestas que rechazan las capturas semántica, organizativa o política, las subvierten en formas novedosas tanto en el lenguaje como en las soluciones concretas a los problemas que enfrentan