Ti3SiC2-formation during Ti–C–Si multilayer deposition by magnetron sputtering at 650 °C

Titanium Silicon Carbide films were deposited from three separate magnetrons with elemental targets onto Si wafer substrates. The substrate was moved in a circular motion such that the substrate faces each magnetron in turn and only one atomic species (Ti, Si or C) is deposited at a time. This allows layer-by-layer film deposition. Material average composition was determined to Ti0.47Si0.14C0.39 by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to gain insights into thin film atomic structure arrangements. Using this new deposition technique formation of Ti3SiC2 MAX phase was obtained at a deposition temperature of 650 °C, while at lower temperatures only silicides and carbides are formed. Significant sharpening of Raman E2g and Ag peaks associated with Ti3SiC2 formation was observed

Estimating the Number of Dentists Needed in 2040

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153584/1/jddjde017021.pd

Fake News, Real Money: Ad Tech Platforms, Profit-Driven Hoaxes, and the Business of Journalism

Following the viral spread of hoax political news in the lead-up to the 2016 US presidential election, it\u27s been reported that at least some of the individuals publishing these stories made substantial sums of money—tens of thousands of US dollars—from their efforts. Whether or not such hoax stories are ultimately revealed to have had a persuasive impact on the electorate, they raise important normative questions about the underlying media infrastructures and industries—ad tech firms, programmatic advertising exchanges, etc.—that apparently created a lucrative incentive structure for fake news publishers. Legitimate ad-supported news organizations rely on the same infrastructure and industries for their livelihood. Thus, as traditional advertising subsidies for news have begun to collapse in the era of online advertising, it\u27s important to understand how attempts to deal with for-profit hoaxes might simultaneously impact legitimate news organizations. Through 20 interviews with stakeholders in online advertising, this study looks at how the programmatic advertising industry understands “fake news,” how it conceptualizes and grapples with the use of its tools by hoax publishers to generate revenue, and how its approach to the issue may ultimately contribute to reshaping the financial underpinnings of the digital journalism industry that depends on the same economic infrastructure

Characterisation of the VELO High Voltage System

The high voltage system supplies the bias voltage to the 88 silicon sensors which comprise the LHCb Vertex Locator (VELO). This note describes the results of the tests which have been performed on the hardware of the high voltage system of the VELO. Each individual test detailed in this note corresponds to a specific requirement of the system. These requirements arise primarily from ensuring the safety of the silicon sensors and the quality of the data taken from the VELO modules. The tests performed are in four categories: normal operation of the high voltage system; verification of its stability under operation; discussion of its behaviour in failure modes; and details of operation at low voltage. Noteworthy issues, identified through the tests, include the behaviour of the high voltage modules at voltages below 9V, the current limit that can be applied during ramping of the voltage, and the speed with which the voltage is cut during failures of the system. The results of these tests provide high confidence that the high voltage system can be safely used and demonstrate that low noise is produced by the power supplies

Phase composition and transformations in magnetron-sputtered (Al,V)2O3 coatings

Coatings of (Al1-xVx)2O3, with x ranging from 0 to 1, were deposited by pulsed DC reactive sputter deposition on Si(100) at a temperature of 550 {\deg}C. XRD showed three different crystal structures depending on V-metal fraction in the coating: {\alpha}-V2O3 rhombohedral structure for 100 at.% V, a defect spinel structure for the intermediate region, 63 - 42 at.% V. At lower V-content, 18 and 7 at.%, a gamma-alumina-like solid solution was observed, shifted to larger d-spacing compared to pure {\gamma}-Al2O3. The microstructure changes from large columnar faceted grains for {\alpha}-V2O3 to smaller equiaxed grains when lowering the vanadium content toward pure {\gamma}-Al2O3. Annealing in air resulted in formation of V2O5 crystals on the surface of the coating after annealing to 500 {\deg}C for 42 at.% V and 700 {\deg}C for 18 at.% V metal fraction respectively. The highest thermal stability was shown for pure {\gamma}-Al2O3-coating, which transformed to {\alpha}-Al2O3 after annealing to 1100{\deg} C. Highest hardness was observed for the Al-rich oxides, ~24 GPa. The latter decreased with increasing V-content, larger than 7 at.% V metal fraction. The measured hardness after annealing in air decreased in conjunction with the onset of further oxidation of the coatings

The VELO High Voltage System Control Software

This note describes the VELO high voltage control software. The implementation of its structure as a PVSS Finite State Machine is emphasized. The main error conditions that may occur during operation is also discussed. The VELO HV software conforms to the specification of the VELO