A REVIEW OF MERELY POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES IN RECENT DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Synthetic, semi-synthetic, and natural polymers make up the colloidal formations of polymeric nanoparticles. Because of their large surface area and nanoscale size, nanoparticles have unique physical and chemical capabilities. Their distinct size, shape, and structure influence their optical characteristics, reactivity, durability, and other attributes. Supercritical fluids, in which the fluid retains a single-phase regardless of pressure, are environmentally beneficial. It is in a state of minor criticality. Because the precipitate is solvent-free, this method is environmentally friendly. Due to their qualities, they are good candidates for various commercial and marital uses, including catalysis, imaging, pharmaceutical applications, energy-based research, and ecological applications. This review provides a supercritical fluid technology-based polymeric nanoparticles overview of various forms uses, synthesis, properties, and forthcoming prospects

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-MICROEMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (SMEDDS) OF TELMISARTAN FOR ENHANCEMENT OF IN VITRO DISSOLUTION AND ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY IN RABBIT

Objective: The main purpose of this investigation was to prepare self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for enhancement of oral bioavailability of a poorly water soluble drug telmisartan (TLS), a BCS class II drug by improving its dissolution rate. Methods: Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) of TLS were formulated using cinnamon essential oil as the oil phase, Gelucire 44/14 as the surfactant and Transcutol HP as co-surfactant. Drug-excipient interactions were studied by FTIR spectroscopy. The formulations were evaluated for its self-emulsifying ability, clarity, and stability of the aqueous dispersion after 48 h and the phase diagram was constructed to optimize the system. Selected formulations were characterized in terms of droplet size distribution, zeta potential, cloud point and were subjected to in vitro drug release studies. The bioavailability of optimized formulation was assessed in New Zealand white rabbits.Results: By considering smaller droplet size, higher zeta potential and faster rate of drug release the formulation TF9 was chosen as optimized SMEDDS formulations. TF9 was robust to different pH media and dilution volumes, remained stable after three cooling-heating cycles and after stored at 4 °C and 25 °C for 3 mo without showing a significant change in droplet size. The pharmacokinetic study in rabbits showed SMEDDS have significantly increased the Cmax and area under the curve (AUC) of TLS compared to suspension (P<0.05).Conclusion: SMEDDS can be an effective oral dosage form for enhancing aqueous solubility and improving oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs

Detection of Secondary Metabolites Using HPTLC and GC-MS Analysis and Assessment of Pharmacological Activities of Phoenix loureiroi Kunth (Arecaceae) Ethanolic Leaves Extract in the Management of Pyrexia, Pain and Inflammation

The present research work was carried out the High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and assessment of pharmacological activities of Phoenix loureiroi Kunth (Arecaceae) ethanolic leaves extract at doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg, body weight, per os. Preliminary phytochemical screening, HPTLC and GC-MS studies were carried out according to the standard methods. The acute toxicity studies were conducted on Swiss albino mice as per Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines 420. For the screening of analgesic activity, writhing test was conducted for peripheral analgesic activity whereas tail immersion test was conducted for central analgesic activity. Antipyretic activity was performed by using the yeast induced hyperpyrexia method and for the screening of anti-inflammatory activity carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method was used. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of Phoenix loureiroi leaves (EEPLL) contains sterols, flavonoids, saponins, proteins, reducing sugar, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The HPTLC analysis method employed in this work resulted in good peak shape and enabled good resolution of quercetin present in the extract and GC-MS analysis showed a total of 25 peaks and led to the identification of 22 different phytoconstituents in the ethanolic extract. Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) was above 2,000 mg/kg and no death was recorded. The prevailing study demonstrated that EEPLL possesses widespread analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects in dose dependent manner. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract from Phoenix loureiroi leaves possesses promising analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities

Applications of polysaccharides in topical and transdermal drug delivery: A recent update of literature

The main aim of transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is to deliver a specific dose of drug across the skin and to reach systemic circulation at a controlled rate. On the other hand skin is the target for topical drug delivery. Mentioned drug delivery systems (DDS) have numerous advantages compared to oral and parenteral routes. Avoidance of first-pass metabolism, prevent drug degradation due to harsh environment of the stomach, allow controlled drug delivery, provide patient compliance, and pain-free administration are a few of them. To achieve all of them, a DDS with suitable polymer is the primary requisite. Based on the recent trends, natural polymers have been more popular in comparison to synthetic polymers because the former possesses favourable properties including nontoxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, low cost, sustainable and renewable resources. In this context polysaccharides, composed of chains of monosaccharides bound together by glycosidic bonds, have been successfully employed to augment drug delivery into and across the skin with various formulations such as gel, membrane, patches, nanoparticles, nanofibres, nanocomposite, and microneedles. In this chapter, various polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitosan, and their semisynthetic derivatives, alginate, pectin, carrageenan etc, were discussed with their diverse topical and TDD applications. In addition, various formulations based on polysaccharides and limitations of polysaccharides were also briefly discussed

Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of hydroalcoholic extract from Acacia suma (Roxb) (Fabaceae) stem barks

Herbal medicines are popular remedies for diseases used by a vast majority of the world’s population. The pharmacological effects of many plants have been studied in various laboratories, whereas there are many limitations regarding the safety and efficacy. Our research group has previously investigated the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of this plant. The present study was carried out to evaluated acute and subacute toxicity of hydroalcoholic extract from stem bark of Acacia suma (Roxb.) var. Acacia polyacantha (Family- Fabaceae). Acute toxicity study was evaluated on male Swiss albino mice (20-25g) and Wistar albino rats (150-200g) were assigned for sub-acute toxicity, after ingestions of the extract during one day (acute model) and during 15 days (subacute model). The acute toxicity studies were conducted as per the OECD guidelines 423, where the limit test dose of 3000 mg/kg b.wt., p.o., used. Results showed that the LD50 of the extract is higher than 3000 mg/kg b.wt., and there was no mortality was observed at 3000 mg/kg b.wt., p.o., dose except with prominent diuresis and purgation, these toxic sign are probably due to the saponins content of the extract; so, testing of the hydroalcoholic extract of Acacia suma stem bark at higher dose was practically non-toxic. In sub-acute toxicity study, the extract treated groups (300 and 600 mg/kg b.wt., p.o.) did not show any significant changes in body weight when compared to the control group. The weight of the liver, kidney and pancreas were found to be unaltered in the experimental groups compared with the control group. The haematological and biochemical parameters (hepatic and renal function tests) did not show any significant changes in the sample treated groups when compared with the control group animals

Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of hydroalcoholic extract from Acacia suma (Roxb) (Fabaceae) stem barks

Herbal medicines are popular remedies for diseases used by a vast majority of the world’s population. The pharmacological effects of many plants have been studied in various laboratories, whereas there are many limitations regarding the safety and efficacy. Our research group has previously investigated the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of this plant. The present study was carried out to evaluated acute and subacute toxicity of hydroalcoholic extract from stem bark of Acacia suma (Roxb.) var. Acacia polyacantha (Family- Fabaceae). Acute toxicity study was evaluated on male Swiss albino mice (20-25g) and Wistar albino rats (150-200g) were assigned for sub-acute toxicity, after ingestions of the extract during one day (acute model) and during 15 days (subacute model). The acute toxicity studies were conducted as per the OECD guidelines 423, where the limit test dose of 3000 mg/kg b.wt., p.o., used. Results showed that the LD50 of the extract is higher than 3000 mg/kg b.wt., and there was no mortality was observed at 3000 mg/kg b.wt., p.o., dose except with prominent diuresis and purgation, these toxic sign are probably due to the saponins content of the extract; so, testing of the hydroalcoholic extract of Acacia suma stem bark at higher dose was practically non-toxic. In sub-acute toxicity study, the extract treated groups (300 and 600 mg/kg b.wt., p.o.) did not show any significant changes in body weight when compared to the control group. The weight of the liver, kidney and pancreas were found to be unaltered in the experimental groups compared with the control group. The haematological and biochemical parameters (hepatic and renal function tests) did not show any significant changes in the sample treated groups when compared with the control group animals

Prediction of Colon Cancer Stages and Survival Period with Machine Learning Approach

The prediction of tumor in the TNM staging (tumor, node, and metastasis) stage of colon cancer using the most influential histopathology parameters and to predict the five years disease-free survival (DFS) period using machine learning (ML) in clinical research have been studied here. From the colorectal cancer (CRC) registry of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan, 4021 patients were selected for the analysis. Various ML algorithms were applied for the tumor stage prediction of the colon cancer by considering the Tumor Aggression Score (TAS) as a prognostic factor. Performances of different ML algorithms were evaluated using five-fold cross-validation, which is an effective way of the model validation. The accuracy achieved by the algorithms taking both cases of standard TNM staging and TNM staging with the Tumor Aggression Score was determined. It was observed that the Random Forest model achieved an F-measure of 0.89, when the Tumor Aggression Score was considered as an attribute along with the standard attributes normally used for the TNM stage prediction. We also found that the Random Forest algorithm outperformed all other algorithms, with an accuracy of approximately 84% and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82 ± 0.10 for predicting the five years DFS

Where Brain, Body and World Collide

The production cross section of electrons from semileptonic decays of beauty hadrons was measured at mid-rapidity (|y| < 0.8) in the transverse momentum range 1 < pt < 8 Gev/c with the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC in pp collisions at a center of mass energy sqrt{s} = 7 TeV using an integrated luminosity of 2.2 nb^{-1}. Electrons from beauty hadron decays were selected based on the displacement of the decay vertex from the collision vertex. A perturbative QCD calculation agrees with the measurement within uncertainties. The data were extrapolated to the full phase space to determine the total cross section for the production of beauty quark-antiquark pairs