A comparative study of the in vitro antimicrobial and synergistic effect of essential oils from Laurus nobilis L. and Prunus armeniaca L. from Morocco with antimicrobial drugs: new approach for health promoting products

Laurus nobilis L. (laurel, Lauraceae) and Prunus armeniaca L. (apricot, Rosaceae) are important industrial crops and display significant biological properties, including antimicrobial activity. In this work, essential oils (EOs) prepared from the leaves of both species from Morocco were evaluated for the first time for possible synergistic in vitro antibacterial and antifungal effects with some conventional antimicrobial drugs, namely fluconazole, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. Samples were further evaluated for chemical composition by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main volatile compounds detected in L. nobilis were eucalyptol (40.85%), α-terpinyl acetate (12.64%) and methyl eugenol (8.72%), while P. armeniaca was dominated essentially by (Z)-phytol (27.18%), pentacosane (15.11%), nonacosane (8.76%) and benzaldehyde (7.25%). Regarding antimicrobial activity, both EOs inhibited significantly all the microorganisms tested. The EO from L. nobilis had the highest activity, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 1.39 to 22.2 mg/mL for bacteria and between 2.77 and 5.55 mg/mL for yeasts. Conversely, the combination of the studied EOs with ciprofloxacin, vancomycin and fluconazol resulted in a noteworthy decrease in their individual MICs. In fact, of the 32 interactions tested, 23 (71.87%) demonstrated total synergism and 9 (28.12%) a partial synergistic interaction. The EO from L. nobilis exhibited the highest synergistic effect with all the antibiotics used, with fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index values in the range of 0.266 to 0.75 for bacteria, and between 0.258 and 0.266 for yeast. The synergistic interaction between the studied EOs and standard antibiotics may constitute promising anti-infective agents useful for treating diseases induced by antibiotic-resistant pathogens.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. (lamiaceae) essential oil and Its main constituent piperitenone oxide: biological activities and chemistry

Since herbal medicines play an important role in the treatment of a wide range of diseases, there is a growing need for their quality control and standardization. Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. (MS) is an aromatic herb with fruit and a spearmint flavor, used in the Mediterranean areas as a traditional medicine. It has an extensive range of biological activities, including cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive and insecticidal properties, among others. This study aims to review the scientific findings and research reported to date on MS that prove many of the remarkable various biological actions, effects and some uses of this species as a source of bioactive natural compounds. On the other hand, piperitenone oxide (PO), the major chemical constituent of the carvone pathway MS essential oil, has been reported to exhibit numerous bioactivities in cells and animals. Thus, this integrated overview also surveys and interprets the present knowledge of chemistry and analysis of this oxygenated monoterpene, as well as its beneficial bioactivities. Areas for future research are suggested

Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. Chemotypes in Eastern Iberian Peninsula: Essential Oil Variation and Relation with Ecological Factors

[EN] Essential oil (EO) extracts coming from two representative populations of Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. subesp. suaveolens in Eastern Iberian Peninsula were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and flame ion detector. Plant sampling was carried out in the morning and evening in order to study diurnal variation in EO profiles. Likewise, leaves and inflorescences were analyzed separately. Two chemotypes corresponding to each one of the populations were identified, with piperitenone oxide (35.2 - 74.3%) and piperitone oxide (83.9 - 91.3%), respectively, as major compounds. Once different chemotypes were identified, canonical correspondence analysis was employed to evaluate the effect of the bioclimatic and edaphic factors recorded in each location on the observed differences. Statistical analysis suggested that these chemotypes were closely related to specific environmental factors, mainly the bioclimatic ones. Concretely, piperitenone oxide chemotype can be associated to supramediterranean bioclimatic conditions and soils with major salinity and water field capacity. On the other hand, the most volatile fraction (hydrocarbon monoterpenes) reached its higher level in the morning; specifically, a noticeable amount of limonene was found in morning samples of flowers (4.8 - 10.6%). This fact can be related to ecological role of volatile compounds in order to attract pollinator insects.Llorens Molina, JA.; Rivera Seclén, CF.; Vacas González, S.; Boira Tortajada, H. (2017). Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. Chemotypes in Eastern Iberian Peninsula: Essential Oil Variation and Relation with Ecological Factors. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 14(12):1-9. doi:10.1002/cbdv.201700320S19141

Seaweed essential oils as a new source of bioactive compounds for cyanobacteria growth control: Innovative ecological biocontrol approach

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The application of natural compounds extracted from seaweeds is a promising eco-friendly alternative solution for harmful algae control in aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, the anti-cyanobacterial activity of three Moroccan marine macroalgae essential oils (EOs) was tested and evaluated on unicellular Microcystis aeruginosa cyanobacterium. Additionally, the possible anti-cyanobacterial response mechanisms were investigated by analyzing the antioxidant enzyme activities of M. aeruginosa cells. The results of EOs GC-MS analyses revealed a complex chemical composition, allowing the identification of 91 constituents. Palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid were the most predominant compounds in Cystoseira tamariscifolia, Sargassum muticum, and Ulva lactuca EOs, respectively. The highest anti-cyanobacterial activity was recorded for Cystoseira tamariscifolia EO (ZI = 46.33 mm, MIC = 7.81 µg mL−1, and MBC = 15.62 µg mL−1). The growth, chlorophyll-a and protein content of the tested cyanobacteria were significantly reduced by C. tamariscifolia EO at both used concentrations (inhibition rate >67% during the 6 days test period in liquid media). Furthermore, oxidative stress caused by C. tamariscifolia EO on cyanobacterium cells showed an increase of the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was significantly elevated after 2 days of exposure. Overall, these experimental findings can open a promising new natural pathway based on the use of seaweed essential oils to the fight against potent toxic harmful cyanobacterial blooms (HCBs).This project received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823860; Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES to UIDB/04423/2020, UIDP/04423/2020 and UIDB/00690/2020 (CIMO), and also FCT, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract for L. Barros contract.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ANALISIS DRUG RELATED PROBLEMS PADA PASIEN GANGGUAN FUNGSI HATI KRONIS DI BANGSAL INTERNE RSUP Dr. M. DJAMIL PADANG

Drug Related Problems (DRPs) yaitu masalah yang dialami pasien yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan obat dan dapat mempengaruhi hasil terapi yang diinginkan. Pada pasien dengan gangguan fungsi hati kronis terjadi perubahan eliminasi obat, terutama untuk obat yang dimetabolisme terutama di hati, sehingga dapat menyebabkan akumulasi. Agar hasil terapi yang diterima pasien sesuai dengan yang diinginkan maka perlu diketahui jenis dan persentase DRPs yang dialami pasien selama menjalani terapi, termasuk obat hepatotoksik, obat yang dimetabolisme terutama di hati, dan obat dengan ikatan protein tinggi. Karena itu dilakukan penelitian analisis deskriptif dengan menggunakan data observasi prospektif terhadap pasien rawat inap dengan gangguan fungsi hati kronis di Bangsal Interne RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang selama bulan Februari-April 2015. Dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan ditemukan 3 kasus (5%) pemilihan obat tidak tepat, 2 kasus (3,3%) pemberian obat dengan dosis terlalu tinggi, dan 55 (91,7%) interaksi obat. Obat-obat yang bersifat hepatotoksik yang diterima pasien yaitu; eritromisin, gemfibrozil, oktreotid, parasetamol, dan ranitidin. Obat-obat yang dimetabolisme terutama di hati yaitu; domperidone, loperamide, morfin, parasetamol, dan propranolol. Obat-obat dengan ikatan protein tinggi yaitu; kandesartan, seftriakson, setirizin, domperidon, furosemid, gemfibrozil, omeprazol, dan spironolakton. Kata kunci: drug related problems, fungsi hati kroni

RECENSIONE AI DUE VOLUMI "TEORIA GENERALE DEL BILANCIO SOCIALE E APPLICAZIONI PRATICHE"Gianfranco Rusconi e Michele Dorigatti (a cura di) 2004, Franco Angeli

Hydro-distilled essential oils (EOs) from the aerial parts of wild and cultivated Salvia aucheri subsp. blancoana, an endemic and threatened medicinal species of Morocco, were analyzed by GC/MS and screened for their antioxidant and insecticidal activities. In total 23 compounds representing more than 98.7% of the total oils were identified. Camphor (26.6-57.3%), camphene (6.3-22.0%), α-pinene (4.1-20.6%) and (E)-caryophyllene (5.4-5.7%) were found as the main constituents of the two oils. The EOs of the wild and cultivated material differed significantly in both the percentage of the main components and their biological activity. Camphor was more dominant in wild Moroccan sage oil (57.3%) than in cultivated sage (26.6%), while camphene (22.0%) and α-pinene (20.6%) were more abundant in the cultivated material compared to 6.3% and 4.1% respectively in wild sage. Regarding the biological activity, cultivated Moroccan sage oil showed the highest antioxidant activity, while the wild plant EO was the most effective against adults of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum Herbst

Endophytic actinobacteria of medicinal plant Aloe vera: Isolation, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity assays and taxonomic study

Objective: To explore the new sources of novel bioactive compounds having pharmaceutical and agricultural interest and to search the endophytic actinobacteria from medicinal plants. Methods: NAF-1 an endophyte actinobacteria was isolated from leaves of medicinal plant Aloe vera collected in Marrakesh, Morocco using Bennett agar as selective medium. NAF-1 was tested for its antimicrobial activity against five pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus PIC 53156, Micrococcus luteus ATCC381, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 14579, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50090 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and four human clinic fungi belonging to the Candida, Aspergillus and Microsporum genera. Several antioxidant activities were studied such as DPPH free radical scavenging, β -carotene and linoleic acid and reducing power assays. The total of phenol and flavonoid was also calculated. Using Artemia salina shrimp assay, the cytotoxicity of NAF-1 crude extract was determined. Results: The results revealed that the actinobacteria showed a high activity (≥20 mm) against only Gram positive bacteria but it had a moderate activity (between 13 and 15 mm) against Human clinic fungi. The isolate also exhibited a LD50 of 14.20 μg/mL in the cytotoxicity assay. The result showed that the crude extract presented an interesting free radical-scavenging activity with IC50 value of (5.58 ± 0.26) μg/mL and a high value of phenolic and flavonoid compounds with (15.41 ± 0.18) μg GAE/mg extract and (11.41± 0.06) μg QE/mg extract respectively. Moreover, the taxonomic position of our endophyte actinobacteria using the morphological and physiological criteria and using 16S rRNA gene sequence (polyphasic approach) showed that the NAF-1 isolate was similar to Streptomyces hydrogenans which was never described as an endophyte actinobacteria. Conclusions: This isolated strain appears promising resources of bioactive agents and can be exploited to produce therapeutic agents active against pathogenic disease

Plant growth, mineral nutrition and volatile oil composition of Mentha suaveolens subsp. timija (Briq.) Harley cultivated under salt stress conditions

Mentha suaveolens subsp. timija is a strict Moroccan endemic species that is intensively exploited from the wild because of its wide ranging medicinal and culinary properties. This has resulted in the species becoming rare or threatened with risk of extinction in the wild. In order to ensure the conservation and sustainable utilization of this valuable medicinal and aromatic plant, its cultivation has been suggested as a promising solution. However, many uncontrolled factors can affect this cultivation including salinity. Thus, the present work aims to evaluate the effects of saline conditions simulated by different NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) on growth (fresh and dry weights), mineral content, essential oil (EO) quantity and quality of M suaveolens subsp. timija. The experiment was conducted inside a shade house at the experimental garden at the Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia-Marrakech during the growing season (February–May) of the year 2010. The results showed that increasing NaCl levels to 150 mM reduced significantly the fresh and dry biomass production by 47.558% and 69.324%, respectively, in comparison to the control. Application of NaCl induced also an increase in Na+ content, while K+ content and K+/Na+ ratio decreased with increasing salt stress. The EO yield decreased by 38.9% and 50.6% at 100 and 150 mM NaCl, respectively, compared with the control (0.77 ± 0.14%). Pulegone, menthone and isomenthone were found to be the principal components of M suaveolens subsp. timija EO. The relative abundance of menthone in particular was affected by salt stress. Based on the present results, it can be concluded that mint timija is a salt sensitive crop and cannot be cultivated in salt-affected areas