An effective solution to the optimal power flow problem using meta-heuristic algorithms

Financial loss in power systems is an emerging problem that needs to be resolved. To tackle the mentioned problem, energy generated from various generation sources in the power network needs proper scheduling. In order to determine the best settings for the control variables, this study formulates and solves an optimal power flow (OPF) problem. In the proposed work, the bird swarm algorithm (BSA), JAYA, and a hybrid of both algorithms, termed as HJBSA, are used for obtaining the settings of optimum variables. We perform simulations by considering the constraints of voltage stability and line capacity, and generated reactive and active power. In addition, the used algorithms solve the problem of OPF and minimize carbon emission generated from thermal systems, fuel cost, voltage deviations, and losses in generation of active power. The suggested approach is evaluated by putting it into use on two separate IEEE testing systems, one with 30 buses and the other with 57 buses. The simulation results show that for the 30-bus system, the minimization in cost by HJBSA, JAYA, and BSA is 860.54 $/h, 862.31,$/h and 900.01 $/h, respectively, while for the 57-bus system, it is 5506.9$/h, 6237.4, $/h and 7245.6$/h for HJBSA, JAYA, and BSA, respectively. Similarly, for the 30-bus system, the power loss by HJBSA, JAYA, and BSA is 9.542 MW, 10.102 MW, and 11.427 MW, respectively, while for the 57-bus system, the value of power loss is 13.473 MW, 20.552, MW and 18.638 MW for HJBSA, JAYA, and BSA, respectively. Moreover, HJBSA, JAYA, and BSA cause reduction in carbon emissions by 4.394 ton/h, 4.524, ton/h and 4.401 ton/h, respectively, with the 30-bus system. With the 57-bus system, HJBSA, JAYA, and BSA cause reduction in carbon emissions by 26.429 ton/h, 27.014, ton/h and 28.568 ton/h, respectively. The results show the outperformance of HJBSA

Determination of non-organ specific autoantibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C and association with HLA DRΒ1 (*04) allele

The regulation of immune mechanisms is controlled by major histocompatibility complex/human leukocyte antigen (MHC/HLA). Polymorphisms of the HLA region have an impact on susceptibility to complex infectious and autoimmune diseases. The present study was carried out to determine the frequencies of ASMA, AMA, ANA, dsDNA, and anti-LKM-1 auto-antibodies in hepatitis C patients and to determine their association with the HLA DRβ1 (*04) locus. It was a cross-sectional, analytical study, and 86 patients with chronic HCV were recruited. The presence of auto-antibodies (ASMA, AMA, ANA, dsDNA, and anti-LKM-1) was determined by indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA, while the HLA DRβ1 (*04) allele was assessed by sequence-specific conventional PCR. ANA was detected in 41%, ASMA in 17.4%, AMA in 7%, LKM-1 in 5.8% dsDNA in 4.6% of CHC patients while HLA-DRβ1 (*04) was present in 3.5% of patients, but this was not significantly associated with these auto-antibodies

Proximate and Sensory Analysis of Wheat Bread Supplemented with Onion Powder and Onion Peel Extract

In current era, the agro-waste production is tremendously increasing which strongly influences the stability of the ecosystem and ultimately the human health. Onion is among one of the most commonly consumed vegetables worldwide, but its peel is generally regarded as waste, which is rich in various phytonutrients. Wheat bread is consumed as a staple food by large number of populations hence this study was aimed at improving the nutritional quality of bread by supplementing it with onion peel extract (OPE) and onion powder (OP). A control bread was synthesized using standard formulation while breads supplemented with OPE and OP were prepared by substituting wheat flour with OPE and OP at 1%, 3% and 5%, 7% respectively. Proximate analysis of five types of bread (A, B, C, D, E) presented that addition of onion peel extract significantly (p <0.05) improved the moisture content (21.06-21.79%) of breads while incorporation of onion powder brought significant improvement in fiber (0.24-0.32%), protein (9.80-10.35%) and ash content (1.55-1.94%). Sensory analysis of the breads was done by a semi- trained panel constituting of 7 members. Significant differences were reported among the five treatments for appearance, texture, taste, odor and overall acceptability. Maximum score for all the above- mentioned attributes was obtained by 1% OPE fortified bread while the 7% onion powder fortified bread attained the lowest scores. The sensory attributes of OPE makes it a good flavoring ingredient for baked items.Peer reviewe

Proximate and Sensory Analysis of Wheat Bread Supplemented with Onion Powder and Onion Peel Extract

In current era, the agro-waste production is tremendously increasing which strongly influences the stability of the ecosystem and ultimately the human health. Onion is among one of the most commonly consumed vegetables worldwide, but its peel is generally regarded as waste, which is rich in various phytonutrients. Wheat bread is consumed as a staple food by large number of populations hence this study was aimed at improving the nutritional quality of bread by supplementing it with onion peel extract (OPE) and onion powder (OP). A control bread was synthesized using standard formulation while breads supplemented with OPE and OP were prepared by substituting wheat flour with OPE and OP at 1%, 3% and 5%, 7% respectively. Proximate analysis of five types of bread (A, B, C, D, E) presented that addition of onion peel extract significantly (p < 0.05) improved the moisture content (21.06-21.79%) of breads while incorporation of onion powder brought significant improvement in fiber (0.24-0.32%), protein (9.80-10.35%) and ash content (1.55-1.94%). Sensory analysis of the breads was done by a semi-trained panel constituting of 7 members. Significant differences were reported among the five treatments for appearance, texture, taste, odor and overall acceptability. Maximum score for all the above-mentioned attributes was obtained by 1% OPE fortified bread while the 7% onion powder fortified bread attained the lowest scores. The sensory attributes of OPE makes it a good flavoring ingredient for baked items202

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Multiscale modeling in smart cities: A survey on applications, current trends, and challenges

A smart city model views the city as a complex adaptive system consisting of services, resources, and citizens that learn through interaction and change in both the spatial and temporal domains. The characteristics of dynamic evolution and complexity are key issues for megacity planners and require a new systematic and modeling approach. Multiscale models involved in smart cities and megacities have recently become a popular topic because they can understand complex adaptive systems and efficiently solve complex problems at multiple scales (i.e., micro, meso, and macro) to improve system efficiency and reduce computational complexity and cost. However, there are numerous opportunities to improve this interdisciplinary field considering the lack of applicability of the multiscale modeling approach in megacities and smart cities, and the potential of multiscale modeling in various complex systems within smart cities. Therefore, a review that summarizes the state-of-art researches and opens opportunities around the theme of multiscale modeling participating in megacities and smart cities is warranted. This study, therefore, provides a comprehensive review covering the introduction of megacities, their current challenges, and their emergence in smart cities. Then, the introduction of the smart city along with its characteristics and different generations is disclosed. Moreover, we shed light on multiscale modeling, its categories (i.e., sequential multiscale modeling and concurrent multiscale modeling), and the need for multiscale modeling in megacities and smart cities along with its emerging applications. Finally, based on a literature review, the study highlights the current challenges and future directions related to multiscale modeling in megacities and smart cities, which provide a roadmap for the optimized operation of megacities and smart city systems

Towards Void Hole Alleviation by Exploiting the Energy Efficient Path and by Providing the Interference-Free Proactive Routing Protocols in IoT Enabled Underwater WSNs

Nowadays, the Internet of Things enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (IoT-UWSN) is suffering from serious performance restrictions, i.e., high End to End (E2E) delay, low energy efficiency, low data reliability, etc. The necessity of efficient, reliable, collision and interference-free communication has become a challenging task for the researchers. However, the minimum Energy Consumption (EC) and low E2E delay increase the performance of the IoT-UWSN. Therefore, in the current work, two proactive routing protocols are presented, namely: Bellman–Ford Shortest Path-based Routing (BF-SPR-Three) and Energy-efficient Path-based Void hole and Interference-free Routing (EP-VIR-Three). Then we formalized the aforementioned problems to accomplish the reliable data transmission in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN). The main objectives of this paper include minimum EC, interference-free transmission, void hole avoidance and high Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). Furthermore, the algorithms for the proposed routing protocols are presented. Feasible regions using linear programming are also computed for optimal EC and to enhance the network lifespan. Comparative analysis is also performed with state-of-the-art proactive routing protocols. In the end, extensive simulations have been performed to authenticate the performance of the proposed routing protocols. Results and discussion disclose that the proposed routing protocols outperformed the counterparts significantly

QUANTIFICATION OF SERUM IgA OF COELIAC DISEASE PATIENTS

ABSTRACT Background: Coeliac disease (CD) is a gluten -induced multi -organ disorder where small intestine is the primary target of inflammation. Onset of CD may occur at any age and its symptoms vary among individuals. Definitive diagnosis of CD is by intestinal biopsy but determination of anti -IgA tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and anti-gliadin antibodies has become key factors to decide for tissue biopsy. IgA -deficient CD patients may yield false -negative results, therefore total serum IgA level must be determined along with other serological markers to diagnose CD. Methods: The study included 42 CD patients who were positive for anti-tTG antibodies (Group A) and 40 subjects (Group B: disease control) presented with gastrointestinal complaints but were negative for anti-tTG antibodies. On the basis of age, Group A was further divided into: Sub-group -I comprised of patients between 1 -6 years (n = 31) and Sub-group -II consisted of patients between 7 -15 years (n = 11). Level of serum IgA was determined by nephlometry technique. Results: Total serum IgA level was 38.77 ± 31.21 mg/dl and 26.88 ± 28.27 mg/dl in CD patients and disease control group respectively and the difference in the level of serum IgA between these groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.75). Mean IgA level in sub-group -I and sub-group-II was 40.85 ± 33.29 mg/dl and 32.92 ± 24.85 mg/dl respectively and the difference in the level of serum IgA between these sub-groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.47). In Group -A, mean level of IgA in males and females was 42.38 ± 38.02 mg/dl and 34.41 ± 20.36 mg/dl respectively and the difference in the level of IgA level was not statistically significant between these groups (p = 0.41). Conclusion: Selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD) was found in CD and in patients of other gastrointestinal complaints. In order to detect CD in SIgAD, total serum IgA level should also be performed with IgG -antigliadin or IgG-anti-tTG antibodies

Game Theoretical Energy Management with Storage Capacity Optimization and Photo-Voltaic Cell Generated Power Forecasting in Micro Grid

In order to ensure optimal and secure functionality of Micro Grid (MG), energy management system plays vital role in managing multiple electrical load and distributed energy technologies. With the evolution of Smart Grids (SG), energy generation system that includes renewable resources is introduced in MG. This work focuses on coordinated energy management of traditional and renewable resources. Users and MG with storage capacity is taken into account to perform energy management efficiently. First of all, two stage Stackelberg game is formulated. Every player in game theory tries to increase its payoff and also ensures user comfort and system reliability. In the next step, two forecasting techniques are proposed in order to forecast Photo Voltaic Cell (PVC) generation for announcing optimal prices. Furthermore, existence and uniqueness of Nash Equilibrium (NE) of energy management algorithm are also proved. In simulation, results clearly show that proposed game theoretic approach along with storage capacity optimization and forecasting techniques give benefit to both players, i.e., users and MG. The proposed technique Gray wolf optimized Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (GARIMA) gives 40% better result and Cuckoo Search Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (CARIMA) gives 30% better results as compared to existing techniques

FREQUENCY OF ANTINEURTOPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY IN GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aim of the study was to determine the frequency of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) respectively. We concluded that glomerulonephritis is better related with MPO-ANCA than PR3-ANCA. Conclusion: The difference in the levels of MPO-ANCA in different age groups was significant but it was non-significant among different genders. Difference in the levels of PR3-ANCA was not significant for both age and gender