Immobilisation of amylase by various techniques

75-81<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;font-family:Fd37616-Identity-H;mso-fareast-font-family:Fd1765337-Identity-H; mso-bidi-font-family:Fd37616-Identity-H">The enzyme α-amylase was subjected to immobilisation by entrapment and covalent binding methods. Calcium alginate gel entrapment technique was used <span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family: Fd1413727-Identity-H;mso-fareast-font-family:Fd1765337-Identity-H;mso-bidi-font-family: Fd1413727-Identity-H">for <span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family: Fd37616-Identity-H;mso-fareast-font-family:Fd1765337-Identity-H;mso-bidi-font-family: Fd37616-Identity-H">the enzyme entrapment. Nylon <span style="font-size: 16.0pt;font-family:Fd1765337-Identity-H;mso-bidi-font-family:Fd1765337-Identity-H">6 <span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Fd37616-Identity-H;mso-fareast-font-family: Fd1765337-Identity-H;mso-bidi-font-family:Fd37616-Identity-H">heads and knitted fabric were the supports chosen <span style="font-size:16.0pt; font-family:Fd1413727-Identity-H;mso-fareast-font-family:Fd1765337-Identity-H; mso-bidi-font-family:Fd1413727-Identity-H">for <span style="font-size: 16.0pt;font-family:Fd37616-Identity-H;mso-fareast-font-family:Fd1765337-Identity-H; mso-bidi-font-family:Fd37616-Identity-H">the covalent bonding technique using glutaraldehyde with and without chitosan. The characteristics of the immobilised enzyme have been discussed. Covalent bonding gave better stability and reusability of the immobilised enzyme than the calcium alginate bead entrapment. </span

An Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights and their Importance in Indian Context

32-41The intellectual property rights (IPR) are intangible in nature and gives exclusive rights to inventor or creator for their valuable invention or creation. In present scenario of globalisation, IPR is the focal point in global trade practices and livelihood across the world. These rights boost the innovative environment by giving recognition and economic benefits to creator or inventor whereas the lack of IPR awareness and its ineffective implementation may hamper the economic, technical and societal developments of nation. Hence dissemination of IPR knowledge and its appropriate implementation is utmost requirement for any nation. The present paper highlights various terms of IPR such as patents, trademarks, industrial designs, geographic indications, copyright, etc with their corresponding rules, regulations, their need and role especially pertaining to Indian context. Further, status of India’s participation in IPR related activities across the world has been discussed in brief

Ultrasound applications in textiles and apparels

Textile sector plays a key role in global economy, but these are associated with environmental pollution having involvement of toxic chemicals and their discharge in effluent. Beside these, textile industries, especially textile wet processing, consume huge amount of chemicals, water, and energy. Thus, there is acute need to find out pertinent solution in the same concern. Ultrasound is sound wave beyond 20 kHz and forms microbubbles in solution via cavitation phenomenon. The cavitation phenomenon creates microjets, and shock waves facilitate micromixing, blending, and mass transfer in chemical reaction. In cavitation phenomenon, microbubbles appear, grow, and oscillate as well as collapse at rapid rate causing generation of high temperature and high pressure inside or in nearby vicinity of microbubbles. The aforesaid properties of ultrasound have numerous applications in various industries such as medical, textile, plastic and metal, agriculture, food and packaging, electronic devices, aerospace and aviation, architectures, etc., along with applications in process control, temperature monitoring, medical imagining, construction, high resolution spectroscopy, etc

Sustainable Coloration of Protein Fibers Using Kalanchoe-Pinnata Leaf Extract

A natural dye for dyeing textiles was extracted from Kalanchoe-pinnata leaf powder using aqueous extraction and characterized by determining the radical scavenging activity (%), tannin content, flavonoid and phenolic content, FTIR, and UV-visible absorption analysis. Protein fabrics, i.e., wool, silk, soya, and milk were dyed by optimizing dyeing time, temperature, pH and MLR conditions with and without mordants. The dyed fabrics were assessed for their color strength, fastness properties, ultraviolet protection factor, and antibacterial properties. The result of the study shows that obtained Kalanchoe-pinnata leaf extract has good anti-oxidant properties being 84.92% of radical scavenging activity, possesses good coloration, affinity for textile material and functional properties being high content of tannin, flavonoid, and phenolic compounds. Wool and silk showed very good affinity for the dye extract and fastness behavior followed by soya and milk fabrics. Wool shows ultraviolet protection factor while there is no significant effect on silk, soya, and milk fabrics as these fabrics are very thin in structure. The aqueous extract as well as all the dyed samples also exhibit excellent anti-bacterial activity against S-aurous and E-coli. Thus, Kalanchoe-pinnata leaf extract can be a better sustainable substitute to synthetic dyes for dyeing of protein fabrics

Sustainable technologies and processes adapted by fashion brands

This chapter discusses the sustainable materials and technologies adapted by global fashion brands involved in the fashion and textile manufacturing. Sustainable fashion and textile production by fashion brands involves the use of eco-friendly and biodegradable materials; environmentally friendly manufacturing processes; green supply chain, distribution, and retailing; and ethical consumers, which will be discussed in this chapter. Various sustainable materials derived from natural and biodegradable resources adopted by fashion brands are discussed in this chapter. In addition, the use of recycled materials derived from natural as well as synthetic wastes are also discussed. Global fashion brands are using sustainable technologies (such as enzyme processing, natural dyeing, laser technology, and plasma technology) for sustainable fashion and textile manufacturing, which are also discussed in this chapter. This chapter also includes the views expressed by three of the global fashion brands in materials and technologies to become sustainable. Qualitative interviews were organized with the managers of three of the global fashion brands dealing with apparel clothing and activewear are also included in this chapter. Finally, the use of various sustainable materials and technologies used by global fashion brands are also discussed in this chapter