Early detection of learning difficulties using the BADyG-E2r Battery during primary education

The aim of the present study was to assess the predictive capacity of several of the most relevant cognitive skills in the academic field that were evaluated using Differential and General Skills Battery(BADyG-E2r). Particular attention was focused on the variables that need to be overcome regarding the curricular objectives related to pass/fail grading as evaluated by the teachers in the instrumental disciplines of Mathematics and Language. The psychometric battery was applied to the 3rd year students in primary education (a total of 512 students) at 4 public schools that were randomly selected in the province of Alicante (Spain). A follow-up of their academic evolution was under taken until the end of primary education. The obtained results show that high scores in Verbal Reasoning, Numerical Reasoning, and Verbal Syllogisms positively and significantly predict academic success at the end of primary education in the subjects of Language and Mathematics

Implicit 2D surface flow models performance assessment: Shallow Water Equations vs. Zero-Inertia Model

Zero-Inertia (ZI) models are used in overland flow simulation due to their mathematical simplicity, compared to more complex formulations such as Shallow Water (SW) models. The main hypothesis in ZI models is that the flow is driven by water surface and friction gradients, neglecting local accelerations. On the other hand, SW models are a complete dynamical formulation that provide more information at the cost of a higher level of complexity. In realistic problems, the usually huge number of cells required to ensure accurate spatial representation implies a large amount of computing effort and time. This is particularly true in 2D models. Hence, there is an interest in developing efficient numerical methods. In general terms, numerical schemes used to solve time dependent problems can be classified in two groups, attending to the time evaluation of the unknowns: explicit and implicit methods. Explicit schemes offer the possibility to update the solution at every cell from the known values but are restricted by numerical stability reasons. This can lead to very slow simulations in case of using fine meshes. Implicit schemes avoid this restriction at the cost of generating a system of as many equations as computational cells multiplied by the number of variables to solve. In this work, an implicit finite volume numerical scheme has been used to solve the 2D equations in both ZI and SW models. The scheme is formulated so that both quadrilateral and triangular meshes can be used. A conservative linearization is done for the flux terms, leading to a non-structured matrix for unstructured meshes thus requiring iterative methods for solving the system. A comparison between 2D SW and 2D ZI is done in terms of performance, efficiency and mesh requirements, in which both models benefit of an implicit temporal discretization in steady and nearly-steady situations

A 2D finite volume simulation tool to enable the assessment of combined hydrological and morphodynamical processes in mountain catchments

Nowadays, the great power of modern computers allows to develop computational models able to deal with simulations of several coupled phenomena over detailed complex topography. An efficient and properly calibrated computational model represents a useful tool to provide insight into the catchment dynamics at hydrological and geomorphological levels. In addition, it allows to develop detailed risk management and conservation plans. In this work, we present a coupled surface-groundwater distributed flow model with hydrological (rainfall and infiltration) and geomorphological (suspended and bed load sediment transport) components. The coupled model is applied to well characterized experimental catchments that are used as realistic test cases. The calibration of the water flow model response to rainfall is performed by means of the fitting to experimental outlet hydrographs of the results supplied by a coupled formulation of 2D Shallow Water Equations and 2D Darcy's law for saturated porous media connected via suitable infiltration laws. The calibration of a suspended and bed load model is also addressed by means of the fitting to experimental outlet sedigraphs. The numerical results show a good agreement between numerical and observed hydrographs and sedigraphs, significantly improving previous published simulations. Additionally, the need to repeat the simulations in the calibration processes is no longer an unapproachable problem

Procesos de alteración de las vidrieras medievales. Estudio y tratamientos de protección

The anxiety caused by the fast growing decay of historical stained glass windows as a consequence of increasing environmental pollution, encouraged institutions of several countries to sponsor a series of scientific works aimed both to slow down this fast forwarding deterioration and to develop repair and preservation methods. After an initial review of the chemical composition of the stained glass windows and of the differences depending on historical epochs and origins, a discussion about chemical attack mechanisms, degradation processes and formation of superficial crusts opens up. Finally, the methodology used in their cleaning and restoration is briefly exposed and some criteria on the still polemic quest.La inquietud creada por la creciente alteración que, como consecuencia del aumento de la contaminación atmosférica, están sufriendo las vidrieras históricas, ha movido a las instituciones de varios países a patrocinar la realización de una serie de trabajos científicos dirigidos, por una parte, a detener el avance de este deterioro y, por otra, a desarrollar métodos para su restauración y conservación. Tras una revisión inicial sobre la composición química de las vidrieras y sus diferencias según las distintas épocas y lugares de procedencia, se discuten los mecanismos de ataque químico, los procesos de degradación y la formación de costras superficiales. Finalmente se expone brevemente la metodología seguida para su limpieza y restauración y se comentan algunos de los criterios sobre la todavía polémica cuestión de los tratamientos de protección

Insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva en la clínica de pequeños animales. Terapéutica práctica moderna II. Inotropos positivos

En el presente trabajo revisamos los usos más frecuentes de los digitálicos, pautas de medicación y elección del producto, dosis, intervalos de dosis, formas comerciales y vías de administración más indicados para cada situación y completamos el tratamiento inotrópico con una revisión de catecolaminas sintéticas, bipiridinas y algunos fármacos potencialmente útiles en la práctica diaria.In this paper tbc autors review tbe more frecuents uses of the digitalis glycosides, dosages, how to choose thee best dtug, dosing intervals, comercial forms availablesin Spain and way of administration more indicated for each clinical situation, and we finish with a quick review of the sinthetic sympathomimetics amines and bipyridine compounds

The shallow water equations and their application to realistic cases

The numerical modelling of 2D shallow flows in complex geometries involving transient flow and movable boundaries has been a challenge for researchers in recent years. There is a wide range of physical situations of environmental interest, such as flow in open channels and rivers, tsunami and flood modelling, that can be mathematically represented by first-order non-linear systems of partial differential equations, whose derivation involves an assumption of the shallow water type. Shallow water models may include more sophisticated terms when applied to cases of not pure water floods, such as mud/debris floods, produced by landslides. Mud/debris floods are unsteady flow phenomena in which the flow changes rapidly, and the properties of the moving fluid mixture include stop and go mechanisms. The present work reports on a numerical model able to solve the 2D shallow water equations even including bed load transport over erodible bed in realistic situations involving transient flow and movable flow boundaries. The novelty is that it offers accurate and stable results in realistic problems since an appropriate discretization of the governing equations is performed. Furthermore, the present work is focused on the importance of the computational cost. Usually, the main drawback is the high computational effort required for obtaining accurate numerical solutions due to the high number of cells involved in realistic cases. However, the proposed model is able to reduce computer times by orders of magnitude making 2D applications competitive and practical for operational flood prediction. Moreover our results show that high performance code development can take advantage of general purpose and inexpensive Graphical Processing Units, allowing to run almost 100 times faster than old generation codes in some cases

Benefits of a dance group intervention on institutionalized elder people: A Bayesian network approach

The present study aims to explore the effects of an adapted classical dance intervention on the psychological and functional status of institutionalized elder people using a Bayesian network. All participants were assessed at baseline and after the 9 weeks period of the intervention. Measures included balance and gait, psychological well-being, depression, and emotional distress. According to the Bayesian network obtained, the dance intervention increased the likelihood of presenting better psychological well-being, balance, and gait. Besides, it also decreased the probabilities of presenting emotional distress and depression. These findings demonstrate that dancing has functional and psychological benefits for institutionalized elder people. Moreover it highlights the importance of promoting serious leisure variety in the daily living of institutionalized elder adults

Numerical simulation of valley flood using an implicit diffusion wave model

[EN] In this work, a diffusion wave overland flow model is presented for the efficient resolution of valley flood situations. The spatial discretization is done following an upwind finite volume scheme, applied in a non-structured triangular mesh. An implicit scheme is used for the temporal discretization, which involves the generation of a system of equations, one for each computational cell. The BiConjugate Gradient Stabilized (BiCGStab) method is used for the resolution of the system. The computational efficiency is measured by means of a CPU cost comparison between the explicit and implicit versions of the numerical scheme. In general, the diffusive model benefits from an implicit discretization becoming much more efficient than the explicit versión. Due to the non-linearity of the diffusive wave equation, larger time steps do not always imply shorter computational times. The optimal time step size must be identified in every new problem. The diffusive wave model has been applied to a valley flooding case proposed by the UK Environmental Agency in order to compare its performance with that provided by commercial models.[ES] En este trabajo se presenta un modelo difusivo de flujo superficial para la resolución eficiente de problemas de inundación de valles fluviales. La discretización espacial se realiza mediante un esquema upwind de volúmenes finitos, aplicado en una malla triangular no estructurada. Para la discretización temporal se ha empleado un esquema implícito, lo que conlleva la generación de un sistema de tantas ecuaciones como celdas de cálculo tenga la malla computacional. Para su resolución, se ha empleado el método del Gradiente Biconjugado Estabilizado (BiCGStab). La eficiencia computacional se mide realizando una comparación de tiempos de CPU de las versiones explícita e implícita del mismo esquema numérico aplicado al modelo de onda difusiva. El estudio demuestra que, en general, el modelo difusivo se beneficia de una discretización temporal implícita, aumentando su eficiencia en gran medida frente al uso de un esquema explícito. Debido al carácter no lineal de la ecuación difusiva, un paso de tiempo mayor no siempre garantiza un menor coste computacional y resulta necesario encontrar el paso de tiempo óptimo para cada problema. Se ha aplicado el modelo difusivo a un caso test de inundación de valle fluvial propuesto por la UK Environmetal Agency para evaluar su capacidad predictiva en relación a modelos comerciales. Por último, se han comparado los resultados de calado y nivel de agua proporcionados por el modelo propuesto con los generados por una formulación matemática basada en las ecuaciones completas de aguas poco profundas no encontrándose diferencias relevantes en el ejemplo analizado.El presente trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por el Gobierno de Aragón a través del Fondo Social Europeo.Fernández-Pato, J.; García-Navarro, P. (2016). Simulación numérica de inundación de valles fluviales mediante un modelo difusivo implícito. Ingeniería del Agua. 20(3):115-126. doi:10.4995/ia.2016.4548.SWORD115126203Burden, R.L., Faires, J.D. (2010). Numerical analysis. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.Cea, L., Garrido, M. Puertas, J. (2010). Experimental validation of two-dimensional depth-averaged models for forecasting rainfallrunofffrom precipitation data in urban áreas. 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