Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in newly diagnosed patients of diabetes mellitus attending at national hospital

Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia y factores de riesgos asociados de neuropatía diabética periférica (NDP) en pacientes recientemente diagnosticados de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) en el Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza (HNAL). Material y MétOdOs. Estudio analítico prospectivo de corte transversal en pacientes del servicio de Endocrinología del HNAL, Lima. Se reclutaron pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico reciente (menor de 3 meses) de DM2 según los criterios ADA. Se excluyó a pacientes con diabetes gestacional, diabetes secundaria, antecedente de neuropatía periférica no diabética y en crisis hiperglucémica. Los pacientes reclutados fueron evaluados con el biotensiómetro para calificar como portador de NDP a los que no se les encontró un umbral de percepción de vibración mayor de 25 V en la región plantar del primer dedo de al menos uno de los pies. Para describir las características de la población se usó frecuencias y porcentajes para variables categóricas, media y desviación estándar (DE) para variables continuas. Se calculó la prevalencia de NDP usando frecuencia y porcentaje y se utilizó ji cuadrado para explorar potenciales factores relacionados a NDP. resultadOs. Se reclutaron a 96 pacientes, con una edad media de 52,6 años (DE ± 12,3) y 59 (61,5 %) de sexo femenino, con índice de masa corporal promedio de 30,2 kg/m2 (DE ± 5,0) y HbA1c promedio de 9,9 % (DE ± 2,8 %). La presión arterial sistólica y presión arterial diastólica promedio fueron 114,1 mmHg (DE ± 15,0) y 69,9 mmHg (DE ± 10,4), respectivamente. La NDP estuvo presente en 16 pacientes (16,7 %). La edad mayor de 60 años estuvo asociado a una mayor prevalencia de NDP. Teniendo como desenlace NDP, la razón de prevalencia cruda de edad ≥ 60 años en comparación a edad < 60 años fue de 4,86 (IC95% 1,69-13,9). En el modelo ajustado por sexo y HbA1c > 8 %, la razón de prevalencia para edad > 60 años fue de 5,24 (IC95% 1,82-15,12). COnClusión. Casi 2 de cada 10 personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) ya tienen neuropatía diabética periférica (NDP) al momento del diagnóstico, y que la prevalencia de la NDP es cinco veces mayor en los mayores de 60 años que en los más jóvenes. Esto enfatiza la necesidad de realizar un tamizaje para NDP desde el momento del diagnóstico de DM2, sobre todo en la población mayor de 60 años, e implementar medidas de cuidado de pies y buen control glucémico en los en los que se encontrara NDP.ObjeCtive. To determine the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in newly diagnosed patients of diabetes mellitus (DM2) attending Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza (HNAL). Material and MethOds. Prospective, cross-sectional analytical study in patients attending the Endocrinology Service of HNAL, Lima. Inclusion criteria were a recent diagnosis (less than 3 months) of DM2 according to ADA criteria and age ≥18 years old. Patients with gestational diabetes, secondary diabetes, history of non-DPN and those in hyperglycemic crises were excluded. DPN was evaluated using a biothesiometer and was defined as the presence of a vibration perception threshold greater than 25 V in the plantar region of the first toe of at least one of the feet. To describe the characteristics of the population, frequencies and percentages were used for categorical variables, mean and standard deviation (SD) were used for continuous variables. The prevalence of DPN was calculated using frequency and percentage and chi-square was used to explore potential factors related to diabetic neuropathy. We used generalized linear models, Poisson family to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and their respective 95 % confidence intervals (95%CI). results. 96 patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 52,6 years (SD ± 12,3) and 59 of them females (61,5 %). Mean body mass index was 30,2 kg/m2 (SD ± 5,0) and mean HbA1c was 9,9 % (SD ± 2,8 %). Mean systolic blood pressure and mean diastolic blood pressure were 114,1 mmHg (SD ± 15,0) and 69,9 mmHg (SD ± 10,4) respectively. DPN was found in 16 patients (16,7 %). Being older than 60 years was associated with a higher prevalence of diabetic neuropathy. Having as outcome DPN, the prevalence ratio of age ≥ 60 years compared to age < 60 years was 4,86 (95%CI 1,69-13,9). In the model adjusted for gender and HbA1c > 8 %, the prevalence ratio for age ≥ 60 years was 5,24 (95%CI 1,82-15,12). COnClusiOns. Our study, the first of its kind in our country and the second in Latin America, found that almost two out of 10 people with DM2 already have peripheral diabetic neuropathy at the time of diagnosis and that the prevalence of this condition is five times higher in patients over 60 years old compared to younger patients. This emphasizes the need to perform a screening for diabetic neuropathy starting at the time of diagnosis of DM2, especially in the population over 60 years of age, to ensure early adequate foot care and glycemic control

Erratum to: Methods for evaluating medical tests and biomarkers

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s41512-016-0001-y.]

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Evidence synthesis to inform model-based cost-effectiveness evaluations of diagnostic tests: a methodological systematic review of health technology assessments

Background: Evaluations of diagnostic tests are challenging because of the indirect nature of their impact on patient outcomes. Model-based health economic evaluations of tests allow different types of evidence from various sources to be incorporated and enable cost-effectiveness estimates to be made beyond the duration of available study data. To parameterize a health-economic model fully, all the ways a test impacts on patient health must be quantified, including but not limited to diagnostic test accuracy. Methods: We assessed all UK NIHR HTA reports published May 2009-July 2015. Reports were included if they evaluated a diagnostic test, included a model-based health economic evaluation and included a systematic review and meta-analysis of test accuracy. From each eligible report we extracted information on the following topics: 1) what evidence aside from test accuracy was searched for and synthesised, 2) which methods were used to synthesise test accuracy evidence and how did the results inform the economic model, 3) how/whether threshold effects were explored, 4) how the potential dependency between multiple tests in a pathway was accounted for, and 5) for evaluations of tests targeted at the primary care setting, how evidence from differing healthcare settings was incorporated. Results: The bivariate or HSROC model was implemented in 20/22 reports that met all inclusion criteria. Test accuracy data for health economic modelling was obtained from meta-analyses completely in four reports, partially in fourteen reports and not at all in four reports. Only 2/7 reports that used a quantitative test gave clear threshold recommendations. All 22 reports explored the effect of uncertainty in accuracy parameters but most of those that used multiple tests did not allow for dependence between test results. 7/22 tests were potentially suitable for primary care but the majority found limited evidence on test accuracy in primary care settings. Conclusions: The uptake of appropriate meta-analysis methods for synthesising evidence on diagnostic test accuracy in UK NIHR HTAs has improved in recent years. Future research should focus on other evidence requirements for cost-effectiveness assessment, threshold effects for quantitative tests and the impact of multiple diagnostic tests

Erratum to: Methods for evaluating medical tests and biomarkers

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s41512-016-0001-y.]

Derechos Humanos y Salud: El caso del VIH/SIDA.

The history of HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) has shown us, continuously, many experiences in the political, moral, economic, social, therapeutic and clinical areas, amongst others. Due to the various and diverse implications of this complex problem, a solitary analysis framed by only one of those fields results difficult and inappropriate. We argue that a human rights approach should be undertaken to understand and address this problem. The advantage of this type of analysis goes beyond clinical aspect of the patient, and thus provides an integral vision that every health professional should handle in a day-to-day basis

Derechos Humanos y Salud: el caso del VIH/SIDA

The history of HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) has shown us, continuously, many experiences in the political, moral, economic, social, therapeutic and clinical areas, amongst others. Due to the various and diverse implications of this complex problem, a solitary analysis framed by only one of those fields results difficult and inappropriate. We argue that a human rights approach should be undertaken to understand and address this problem. The advantage of this type of analysis goes beyond clinical aspect of the patient, and thus provides an integral vision that every health professional should handle in a day-to-day basis.(Rev Med Hered 2004;15:225-228)

[Health-related quality of life among urban and rural to urban migrant populations in Lima, Peru].

OBJECTIVES: To explore if there is a difference in the perception and self reported quality of life between rural-to-urban migrants and urban groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study, secondary analysis of the PERU-MIGRANT study (PEru's Rural to Urban MIGRANTs Study). WHOQOL-Brief survey' s global scores and per specific domains obtained in the survey were compared using Kruskall-Wallis' test and assessing size effect. RESULTS: A total of 307 subjects (62.2% migrants, 57% female, means age 47 years-old) were surveyed. Compared with the urban group, migrants reported lower quality of life both on the global scores as well as in psychological health and the living environment domains. Migrants reported a higher score on the physical health�s domain. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of rural-to-urban migration on quality of life suggests a differential effect within its specific domains

Low HDL cholesterol as a cardiovascular risk factor in rural, urban, and rural-urban migrants: PERU MIGRANT cohort study

Cross-sectional and 5-year longitudinal data produced as part of a study to assess the effect of migration on cardiovascular risk profiles and mortality in Peru. The datasets outline sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, factors associated with isolated low HDL-c and non-isolated low HDL-c, and risk factors for mortality and composite outcome. Data has been made available as a supplement to the paper