Analyse de la tâche d'un pilote de Rafale à l'aide d'une HTA étendue à la gestion des modes dégradés

International audienceCette communication présente l'adaptation de la méthode HTA pour l'étude d'une situation dynamique incertaine et coopérative : une mission militaire aérienne réalisée par un pilote de chasse à bord d'un avion Rafale. Les boucles - perception, représentation, action - caractéristiques de la gestion d'une situation dynamique sont intégrées dans la HTA sous la forme de buts de haut-niveau. La mise en évidence de plans contingents permet de rendre compte de la gestion de l'incertitude et des situations dégradées. Enfin, la coopération multiagents est décrite par un codage des tâches de communication précisant la fonction, l'objet et les acteurs impliqués. Finalement, les intérêts et les limites de l'application de la méthode HTA dans le cadre des situations dynamiques sont discutés

Scientific Drilling

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 340T returned to the 1.4-km-deep Hole U1309D at Atlantis Massif to carry out borehole logging including vertical seismic profiling (VSP). Seismic, resistivity, and temperature logs were obtained throughout the geologic section in the footwall of this oceanic core complex. Reliable downhole temperature measurements throughout and the first seismic coverage of the 800–1400 meters below seafloor (mbsf) portionof the section were obtained. Distinct changes in velocity, resistivity, and magnetic susceptibility characterize the boundaries of altered, olivine-rich troctolite intervals within the otherwise dominantly gabbroic se-quence. Some narrow fault zones also are associated with downhole resistivity or velocity excursions. Small deviations in temperature were measured in borehole fluid adjacent to known faults at 750 mbsf and 1100 mbsf. This suggests that flow of seawater remains active along these zones of faulting and rock alteration. Vertical seismic profile station coverage at zero offsetnow extends the full length of the hole, including the uppermost 150 mbsf, where detachment processes are expected to have left their strongest imprint. Analysis of wallrock properties, together with alteration and structural characteristics of the cores from Site U1309, highlights the likely interplay between lithology, structure, lithospheric hydration, and core complex evolution

Innovative Policies for Alpine Towns

Knjiga Inovativne politike za alpska mesta predstavlja rezultate projekta CAPACities, v katerem smo preučevali vlogo mest v alpskem svetu. Pri tem smo se osredotočili na definicijo malih alpskih mest, njihovo vpetost v policentrični razvojni koncept, bistveni poudarek pa je bil na njihovi konkurenčnosti in privlačnosti. Teoretske podlage smo nadgradili z analizo razpoložljivih podatkov, še pomembnejše pa so bile aktivnosti v pilotnih območjih, s katerimi smo skušali ugotovitve prenašati v prakso. Predstavljene specifike pilotnih območij in tam izvedene aktivnosti so nam bile v pomoč pri izdelavi smernic in orodij za spodbujanje razvoja malih alpskih mest

Geophysical signatures of past and present hydration within a young oceanic core complex

Borehole logging at the Atlantis Massif oceanic core complex provides new information on the relationship between the physical properties and the lithospheric hydration of a slow-spread intrusive crustal section. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Hole U1309D penetrates 1.4 km into the footwall to an exposed detachment fault on the 1.2 Ma flank of the mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30°N. Downhole variations in seismic velocity and resistivity show a strong correspondence to the degree of alteration, a recorder of past seawater circulation. Average velocity and resistivity are lower, and alteration is more pervasive above a fault around 750 m. Deeper, these properties have higher values except in heavily altered ultramafic zones that are several tens of meters thick. Present circulation inferred from temperature mimics this pattern: advective cooling persists above 750 m, but below, conductive cooling dominates except for small excursions within the ultramafic zones. These alteration-related physical property signatures are probably a characteristic of gabbroic cores at oceanic core complexes

Near-offset vertical seismic experiments during leg 204

Three successful vertical seismic profiles (VSPs) were acquired during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 204 at South Hydrate Ridge. The data confirm earlier results from ocean bottom seismometer data and analysis of moveout from common midpoint reflection data that the average velocity between the seafloor and the bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) is <1600 m/s throughout the region and is lowest near the summit, where the amount of hydrate is greatest. This result supports the conclusions that free gas and hydrate coexist beneath the summit and that the average amount of gas hydrate present elsewhere is low. The data also indicate that low-velocity zones (LVZs) resulting from free gas beneath the BSR must be thin and stratigraphically controlled. The only LVZ resolvable from traveltime analysis of the VSP data is associated with Horizon A, which has been interpreted to be the primary conduit transporting free gas to vents at the summit of South Hydrate Ridge. Thin LVZs associated with Horizons B and B', however, are indicated by sonic logs as well as by strong negative polarity reflections in the multichannel seismic data. This limited distribution of sub-BSR free gas contrasts with previous results at North Hydrate Ridge (Leg 146) and Blake Ridge (Leg 164), which indicate the presence of free gas zones several hundred meters thick that result in distinct LVZs in the VSP data from those earlier ODP legs

In-Situ Sampling and Characterization of Naturally Occuring Marine Methane Hydrate Using the D/V JOIDES Resolution

The primary accomplishments of the JOI Cooperative Agreement with DOE/NETL in this quarter were that: (1) Leg 204 scientific party members presented preliminary results and operational outcomes of ODP Leg 204 at the American Geophysical Union Fall meeting, which was held in San Francisco, CA; and, (2) a report was prepared by Dr. Gilles Guerin and David Goldberg from Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University on their postcruise evaluation of the data, tools and measurement systems that were used for vertical seismic profiling (VSP) experiments during ODP Leg 204. The VSP report is provided herein. Intermediate in scale and resolution between the borehole data and the 3-D seismic surveys, the Vertical Seismic Profiles (VSP) carried during Leg 204 were aimed at defining the gas hydrate distribution on hydrate ridge, and refining the signature of gas hydrate in the seismic data. VSP surveys were attempted at five sites, following completion of the conventional logging operations. Bad hole conditions and operational difficulties did not allow to record any data in hole 1245E, but vertical and constant offset VSP were successful in holes 1244E, 1247B and 1250F, and walk-away VSP were successfully completed in holes 1244E, 1250F and 1251H. Three different tools were used for these surveys. The vertical VSP provided the opportunity to calculate interval velocity that could be compared and validated with the sonic logs in the same wells. The interval velocity profiles in Holes 1244E and 1247B are in very good agreement with the sonic logs. Information about the Leg 204 presentations at the AGU meeting are included in a separate Topical Report, which has been provided to DOE/NETL in addition to this Quarterly Report. Work continued on analyzing data collected during ODP Leg 204 and preparing reports on the outcomes of Phase 1 projects as well as developing plans for Phase 2

Prevalence, risk factors, and impact on outcome of cytomegalovirus replication in serum of Cambodian HIV-infected patients (2004-2007)

BACKGROUND: In developing countries, the study of cytomegalovirus (CMV) coinfection in HIV-infected patients remains neglected. Quantitative CMV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the gold standard diagnostic tool for analyzing serum CMV replication and for predicting CMV disease. We estimated the prevalence of replicating CMV in sera of newly diagnosed HIV-infected Cambodian patients and examined its impact on mortality. METHODS: This cohort study was based on 2 highly active antiretroviral therapy treatment programs in Cambodia between 2004 and 2007. Quantitative CMV PCR was performed on baseline serum samples of 377 HIV-infected patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of serum CMV DNA was 55.2% (150 of 272) in patients with CD4 count <100/mm. In multivariate analysis, hemoglobin <9 g/dL, CD4 count <100/mm, and Karnofsky index <50 were independently associated with positive serum CMV DNA at baseline. During a 3-year follow-up period, CMV viral load >or=3.1 log10 copies per milliliter was significantly associated with death independently of CD4 count, other opportunistic infections, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSIONS: As in industrialized countries, serum CMV replication is highly prevalent among HIV-infected Cambodian patients and is associated with increased mortality. This underscores the importance of diagnostic CMV infection by PCR in sera of HIV-infected patients with CD4 count <100/mm and treating this opportunistic infection to reduce its associated mortality

PALÉORIVAGES, DUNES CÔTIÈRES ET OCCUPATIONS HUMAINES À L’EMBOUCHURE DE L’OUED TAMRI, MAROC ATLANTIQUE, AU PLÉISTOCÈNE SUPÉRIEUR (SIM 5)

A l’embouchure de l’oued Tamri, rive gauche, un paléorivage de faciès marin et fluvio-marin (unité U1) culmine aux environs de + 6m a.s.l. Une coquille marine de Patella sp. prélevée dans cette unité U1 (faciès marin) a été datée 100,02 ± 1,662 ka et 101,188 ±  1,339 ka par la méthode U/Th (SIM 5.3). La dune surincombante (série Sx) a été datée par OSL 84 ± 4 ka (SIM 5.1). A Tighrine Imksawne, à 200 m au Sud de l’embouchure, ce paléorivage est surmonté d’une séquence de dépôts dunaires et colluviaux de plus de 20 m d’épaisseur. Ces derniers renferment plusieurs paléosols rubéfiés interstratifiés et des encroûtements, témoins de périodes humides et de ruissellements, qui permettent de distinguer trois unités principales (unités U2, U3, U4) :(U2), unité d’accumulation interdunaire inférieure, où dominent les faciès détritiques continentaux de colluvionnement/ruissellement, avec de nombreux Hélicidés et de rares témoins d’outillage lithique. (U3), unité d’accumulation éolienne moyenne, à séries dunaires encroûtées, où la série (S5) a été datée par OSL 92 ± 6 ka (SIM 5.3 ou SIM 5.2), et où le paléosol rubéfié (S6) a fourni une industrie à proto-hachereaux. (U4), unité d’accumulation éolienne supérieure à séries friables, séparée de la précédente par une paléo-surface encroûtée (S6/S7) à industrie probablement épipaléolithique, et où des coquilles d’œufs d’Autruche de la série (S8) sont datées par radiocarbone à plus de 30 ka. BPLes analyses géomorphologiques, sédimentologiques et pétrographiques aboutissent à un modèle sédimentaire d’accumulation de pied de falaise morte qui permet de répondre aux contradictions apparentes entre la position de l’industrie lithique et des datations.A l’embouchure de l’oued Tamri, rive gauche, un paléorivage de faciès marin et fluvio-marin (unité U1) culmine aux environs de + 6m a.s.l. Une coquille marine de Patella sp. prélevée dans cette unité U1 (faciès marin) a été datée 100,02 ± 1,662 ka et 101,188 ±  1,339 ka par la méthode U/Th (SIM 5.3). La dune surincombante (série Sx) a été datée par OSL 84 ± 4 ka (SIM 5.1). A Tighrine Imksawne, à 200 m au Sud de l’embouchure, ce paléorivage est surmonté d’une séquence de dépôts dunaires et colluviaux de plus de 20 m d’épaisseur. Ces derniers renferment plusieurs paléosols rubéfiés interstratifiés et des encroûtements, témoins de périodes humides et de ruissellements, qui permettent de distinguer trois unités principales (unités U2, U3, U4) :(U2), unité d’accumulation interdunaire inférieure, où dominent les faciès détritiques continentaux de colluvionnement/ruissellement, avec de nombreux Hélicidés et de rares témoins d’outillage lithique. (U3), unité d’accumulation éolienne moyenne, à séries dunaires encroûtées, où la série (S5) a été datée par OSL 92 ± 6 ka (SIM 5.3 ou SIM 5.2), et où le paléosol rubéfié (S6) a fourni une industrie à proto-hachereaux. (U4), unité d’accumulation éolienne supérieure à séries friables, séparée de la précédente par une paléo-surface encroûtée (S6/S7) à industrie probablement épipaléolithique, et où des coquilles d’œufs d’Autruche de la série (S8) sont datées par radiocarbone à plus de 30 ka. BPLes analyses géomorphologiques, sédimentologiques et pétrographiques aboutissent à un modèle sédimentaire d’accumulation de pied de falaise morte qui permet de répondre aux contradictions apparentes entre la position de l’industrie lithique et des datations

Stimulation of MMP-11 (stromelysin-3) expression in mouse fibroblasts by cytokines, collagen and co-culture with human breast cancer cell lines

BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are central to degradation of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane during both normal and carcinogenic tissue remodeling. MT1-MMP (MMP-14) and stromelysin-3 (MMP-11) are two members of the MMP family of proteolytic enzymes that have been specifically implicated in breast cancer progression. Expressed in stromal fibroblasts adjacent to epithelial tumour cells, the mechanism of MT1-MMP and MMP-11 induction remains unknown. METHODS: To investigate possible mechanisms of induction, we examined the effects of a number of plausible regulatory agents and treatments that may physiologically influence MMP expression during tumour progression. Thus NIH3T3 and primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were: a) treated with the cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and TGF-β for 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours; b) grown on collagens I, IV and V; c) treated with fibronectin, con-A and matrigel; and d) co-cultured with a range of HBC (human breast cancer) cell lines of varied invasive and metastatic potential. RESULTS: Competitive quantitative RT-PCR indicated that MMP-11 expression was stimulated to a level greater than 100%, by 48 hour treatments of IL-1β, IL-2, TGF-β, fibronectin and collagen V. No other substantial changes in expression of MMP-11 or MT1-MMP in either tested fibroblast culture, under any treatment conditions, were observed. CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated significant MMP-11 stimulation in mouse fibroblasts using cytokines, matrix constituents and HBC cell lines, and also some inhibition of MT1-MMP. Our data suggest that the regulation of these genes in the complex stromal-epithelial interactions that occur in human breast carcinoma, is influenced by several mechanisms