Relación música/texto en el canto gregoriano y en la polifonía y el concepto humanista de ritmo musical

Following the thread of the interrelation between music and text, this study is a reflection on the humanist concept of rhythm in Gregorian Chant. The consequences of the said concept succeeded in influencing vocal polyphony, as well, which was, however, all to its advantage.El presente trabajo ofrece una reflexión, siguiendo el hilo conductor de la "relación música/texto", sobre el concepto humanista del ritmo en el Canto Gregoriano. Las consecuencias de dicha concepción llegaron a afectar también a la polifonía vocal, en cuyo caso, diríamos que para su bien

Reflexiones sobre la procedencia y evolución del “ritmo” en la monodia litúrgica y polifonía medieval (I)

This paper presents some “meditations” about the procedure, evolution and application of the concepts rhythm and metre in liturgical monody and medieval polyphony, both of them appeared in contact with historical musical sources when interpreting “early music”. Taking its basis on the 13th century writers of treatises in favour of mensural positions, Historical research on musical notation, from its beginnings in the second half of 19th century, has centered his theoretical approaches in “sharp” application of quantitative laws (metre, poetry), -which could be framed with mathematical accuracy (mensura certa)-, to musical figures. So, Historical research, as they were more difficult to enunciate mathematically, left aside other hypothesis considering that the laws of idiomatic accent (oratorical rhythm, numerose canere) or those of the dance (weightiness, support: pes = pace, step), also could have a rellevant influence in rhythm, metre, and, finally, the musical notation. It is not yet well known if the rhythm of the Greek and latin languages were founded on syllabic quantity or syllabic accent. Otherwise, nobody doubts about musical ryhthm comes from the language rhythm. It is very difficult to clarify borderlines, if they really exists, between metre (quantity) and rhythm (accent, weightiness), because, as it is usually said, “rhythm is soul of metre”. This paper think about different circumstances which could make the study conditional on the ancient european notations, in 19th century. It also deals with the necessity of looking back to the classical Greek and Latin writers (Cicerón, Horacio, Quintiliano, Agustín, etc.), as they can clarify the provenence, evolution and differences among those concepts and terms and their application to music.El escrito presenta unas “reflexiones” sobre el ritmo y metro en la monodia litúrgica y polifonía medieval, surgidas del contacto con fuentes musicales históricas al interpretar la “música antigua”. La investigación histórica de la notación musical, desde el siglo XIX, fundándose en teóricos mensuralistas del XIII, ha centrado principalmente la atención en el estudio y aplicación “tajante” de leyes métrico-cuantitativas a las figuras musicales (mensura certa), dejando un tanto marginadas otras posibles normas basadas en el acento o impulso del idioma (peso, apoyo, “ritmo oratorio”, “mensura non certa”, “numerose canere”), más difíciles de formular “matemáticamente”. Es muy difícil definir o establecer fronteras entre metro y ritmo. San Agustín decía que “el ritmo es el alma del metro” y que “todo metro es ritmo, pero no todo ritmo es metro”. Este trabajo reflexiona sobre diversas circunstancias, que pudieron condicionar el estudio de las antiguas notaciones europeas, en el siglo XIX, y sobre la necesidad de volver la mirada hacia antiguos escritores griegos y latinos, que pudieran iluminar el problema

Behavioural activity of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) under semi-natural rearing systems: establishing a seasonal pattern

P. 263-270The activity of 2 populations of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus, L. 1758), consisting of 14 adults (>9 mo of age) each (4 males and 10 females), was analysed over 2 consecutive years. Rabbits were captured in the wild and kept in 2 separate enclosures of 0.5 ha, with each enclosure divided into 2 zones: a smaller area where warrens were located (breeding area) and a larger area where food and water were provided (feeding area). Seven rabbits in each enclosure were individually tagged with a microchip (2 males and 5 females) and, after installing 2 detection devices, it was possible to identify which of the 2 areas they were located in and record the length of time spent in each. To regulate the size of the breeding population, young rabbits produced in the enclosures were captured and removed regularly. Considering the number of movements between areas and the time spent in the feeding area, a circadian activity pattern was found, reporting 2 maximum activity peaks coinciding with twilight (18.35% of the total movements, 6-8 a.m.) and daybreak (22.95%, 7-10 p.m.) while activity was dramatically decreased during the midday hours (1.86%, 10 a.m.-4 p.m.). Rabbits displayed a seasonal pattern throughout the year, with maximum activity levels during winter (45.76% of the total movements, January-March) and spring (42.91%, April-June), which could be related to higher reproductive activity at this time of the year as a higher breeding output was reported in June and September. The levels of activity exhibited by males (13.44% daily activity rate) were significantly higher than those displayed by females (9.80%). No significant differences were found regarding time spent on the feeding area in relation to season or gender. The average duration of each foray to the feeding area was higher during the summer, higher for females than males and higher during the middle of the night than the rest of the day.S

Generation and Characterization of Antibodies against Opioid Receptors from Zebrafish

[EN] The opioid system is well conserved among species and plays a critical role in pain and addiction systems. The use of zebrafish as an experimental model to study development and genetics is extraordinary and has been proven to be relevant for the study of different diseases. The main drawback to its use for the analysis of different pathologies is the lack of protein tools. Antibodies that work in other models are not suitable for zebrafish due to the low degree of homology that exists among the opioid receptor protein sequences in different species. Here we report the successful generation and characterization of antibodies against the mu, delta 1 and delta 2 opioid receptors in zebrafish. The antibodies obtained, which are specific for each receptor due to the use of the C-terminus as antigens, work for Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In addition, the antibodies against mu and delta 1 opioid receptors, but not those against delta 2, are able to immunoprecipitate the corresponding receptor from zebrafish lysates. The development of opioid receptor antibodies is an asset to the further study of the endogenous opioid system in zebrafish

Documentación geométrica de edificios históricos

[EN] Poster contributed to: I International Seminar on Architecture Archaeology (Vitoria, Spain, Feb 18-20, 2002).-- The seminar proceedings did not include the posters.[ES] Cartel presentado en: I Seminario internacional de Arqueología de la Arquitectura (Vitoria, España, 18-20 febrero 2002).-- Los carteles no fueron publicados en actas.[EN] The most common steps to document an historic building are presented, as well as some examples: churches, walls, bridges and an altarpiece.[ES] Se presentan los pasos más habituales en la documentación geométrica de un edificio histórico y algunos ejemplos de tipos de elementos: puentes, iglesias, murallas y un retablo

Metodología en la Documentación Geométrica del Patrimonio

[EN] Poster contributed to: I International Seminar on Architecture Archaeology (Vitoria, Spain, Feb 18-20, 2002).-- The seminar proceedings did not include the posters.[ES] Cartel presentado en: I Seminario internacional de Arqueología de la Arquitectura (Vitoria, España, 18-20 febrero 2002).-- Los carteles no fueron publicados en actas.[EN] The poster presents a list with some reasons that can trigger a project of geometric documentation of the heritage, the features for the representation (accuracy, quality, spatial framework), a set of existent methodologies and possible results.[ES] Se muestran las posibles causas que originan la documentación geométrica de un elemento patrimonial, las características necesarias de la representación (precisión, calidad, referencia espacial), diferentes técnicas existentes y resultados obtenibles

Diferentes propuestas para la representación geométrica de edificios históricos

[ES]La documentación geométrica y la representación de edificios con el objetivo de servir como base a estudios históricos o arquitectónicos ofrece una variada oferta metodológica, cada una de ellas con unas características específicas. Antes de acometer una documentación, es necesario realizar un análisis previo de las necesidades finales del trabajo para elegir el método de documentación más conveniente.[EN] Geometric documentation and the representation of buildings, with the objective of using these as a basis for historic or architectonic studies, offer a wide range of methodologies, each with their own specific characteristics. Before beginning documentation, it is necessary to make a preliminary analysis of the final needs of the work to choose the most suitable method of documentation.El nº 2 de la revista ha sido financiado con las aportaciones de : Departamento de Urbanismo y Obras Públicas de la Diputación Foral de Alava; Universidad del País Vasco/ Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea y Fundación Catedral Santa María (Vitoria-Gasteiz

A Comparative Study of Physical and Chemical Processes for Removal of Biomass in Biofilters

After 6 months of operation a long-term biofilter was stopped for two weeks and then it was started up again for a second experimental period of almost 1.3 years, with high toluene loads and submitted to several physical and chemical treatments in order to remove excess biomass that could affect the reactor’s performance due to clogging, whose main effect is a high pressure drop. Elimination capacity and removal efficiency were determined after each treatment. The methods applied were: filling with water and draining, backwashing, and air sparging. Different flows and temperatures (20, 30, 45 and 60 °C) were applied, either with distilled water or with different chemicals in aqueous solutions. Treatments with chemicals caused a decrease of the biofilter performance, requiring periods of 1 to 2 weeks to recover previous values. The results indicate that air sparging with pure distilled water as well as with solutions of NaOH (0.01% w/v) and NaOCl (0.01% w/v) were the treatments that removed more biomass, working either at 20, 30 or 45 °C and at relatively low flow rates (below 320 L h−1), but with a high biodegradation inhibition after the treatments. Dry biomass (g VS) content was determined at three different heights of the biofilter in order to carry out each experiment under the same conditions. The same amount of dry biomass when applying a treatment was established so it could be considered that the biofilm conditions were identical. Wet biomass was used as a control of the biofilter’s water content during treatments. Several batch assays were performed to support and quantify the observed inhibitory effects of the different chemicals and temperatures applied

Effects of a Short-Term Resistance-Training Program on Heart Rate Variability in Children With Cystic Fibrosis—A Randomized Controlled Trial

[EN] Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) affects the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and exercise in healthy children modulates the interaction between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a short-term resistance exercise program on heart rate variability (HRV) in children and adolescents with CF. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out in children diagnosed with CF aged 6–18 years. Individuals were divided into two groups: control (CON) and resistance-training (EX). Individuals in the EX group completed an individualized guided resistance program (5-RM—60–80%) for 8 weeks (3 sessions of 60 min/week). Upper and lower limbs exercises (seated bench press, seated lateral row, and leg press) were used. HRV was measured using a Suunto watch with subjects in lying position. Results: Nineteen subjects (13 boys) were included (CON = 11; and EX = 8). Mean age was 12.2 ± 3.3, FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in the first second) z-score was 1.72 ± 1.54 and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) 42.7 ± 7.4 mL.Kg–1.min–1. Exercise induced significant changes in the frequency-domain variables, including a decrease in LF power (p = 0.001, d = 0.98) and LF/HF ratio (p = 0.020, d = 0.92), and an increase in HF power (p = 0.001, d = −0.97), compared to the CON group. No significant changes were found for time-domain variables, although increases with a moderate effect size were seen for SDNN (p = 0.152, d = −0.41) and RMSSD (p = 0.059, d = −0.49) compared to the CON group.SICatedra Fundación Asisa-UE y Universidad Europe