Análisis histórico del índice de desempeño ambiental para Colombia (2006-2014) y desafíos actuales sobre la información ambiental del país

El uso de indicadores se ha establecido como una forma sintética de abordar diferentes variables y objetos de análisis, incluida la complejidad de la biodiversidad y los ecosistemas, en el camino hacia el desarrollo sostenible global. Desde 2006, las Universidades de Yale y Columbia en Estados Unidos, junto con el apoyo del Foro Económico Mundial, han desarrollado el Índice de Desempeño Ambiental a una escala mundial, clasificando los países en un escalafón de desempeño según el manejo y gestión de sus recursos. Colombia ha estado incluido en el total de evaluaciones realizadas, aunque se ha visto un decrecimiento en los puestos ocupados históricamente, sugiriendo un menor desempeño ambiental año tras año. Partiendo del panorama nacional, se buscó determinar los factores a los que el índice pudiese haber sido sensible en las evaluaciones realizadas (2006-2014), así como el efecto de la disponibilidad y calidad de las bases de datos oficiales del país que alimentan las fuentes internacionales con las que el EPI establece su calificación. Con esto se encontró que el EPI presenta diferencias en su estructura misma respecto a los años evaluados (en aspectos como fuentes consultadas, escala de análisis, y número y tipo de indicadores), y que además algunas de las fuentes de información oficial y bases de datos disponibles a escala nacional no cumplen con los criterios de disponibilidad y calidad de la información, encontrando que ambos hallazgos pudieron incidir de manera positiva o negativa en el resultado de desempeño ambiental histórico del país. Igualmente se indagó acerca del impacto de esta herramienta en la divulgación de información ambiental y en su incorporación en la política, encontrando una baja relación. Al ser un índice que se aplica a nivel mundial, la comparación con otros países fue útil como referencia de potencialidades y oportunidades de práctica de los indicadores en el escenario ambiental nacional.Magíster en Conservación y Uso de la BiodiversidadMaestrí

Presentación

1. Bioética y Filosofía del derechoEste número de la revista ACFS está dedicado a la bioética y eso constituye un acontecimiento importante tanto para la filosofía del derecho como para la bioética, ya que implica reconocer oficialmente —en una revista filosófico-jurídica de tanta raigambre en nuestro país— que los temas de la bioética son parte de la filosofía del derecho. Para muchos es algo obvio, ya que la bioética se ocupa de analizar las implicaciones éticas, jurídicas y sociales de los descubrimientos científicos y las aplicaciones biotecnológicas y de proponer pautas justas para su tratamiento,..

Cellular and Molecular Basis of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Altres ajuts: Supported in part by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria and CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III, Subdirección General de Investigación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (CP10/00502, MV; EC07/90148 & PI/080940 JS; CB06/04/0021, JS), the International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (2008 IFFGD) and the 2010 Rome Foundation Award (JS). CIBERehd is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIThe etiopathogenesis of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders, is not well known. The most accepted hypothesis is that IBS is the result of the disturbance of the 'brain-gut axis.' Although the pathophysiological mechanisms of intestinal dysfunction are complex and not completely understood, stress, infections, gut flora, and altered immune response are thought to play a role in IBS development. The intestinal barrier, composed of a single-cell layer, forms a physical barrier that separates the intestinal lumen from the internal milieu. The loss of integrity of this barrier is related with mucosal immune activation and intestinal dysfunction in IBS. The number of mast cells and T lymphocytes is increased in the intestinal mucosa of certain IBS patients, and the mediators released by these cells could compromise the epithelial barrier function and alter nerve signaling within the enteric nervous system. The association of clinical symptoms to structural and functional abnormalities of the mucosal barrier in IBS patients highlights the importance of understanding the physiological role of the gut barrier in the pathogenesis of this disorder. This review summarizes the clinical and experimental evidences indicating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of IBS symptomatology, and its relevance for future translational research

A capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatography method for the stereoselective quantitation of bioallethrin in biotic and abiotic samples

A capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method was developed enabling the stereoselective separation of the insecticide bioallethrin. The use of sodium deoxycholate bile salt and acetyl-beta-cyclodextrin (acetyl-beta-CD) made possible the separation of bioallethrin stereoisomers with a high enantioresolution (7.4) in a short analysis time (6.5 min). The analytical characteristics of the developed method were evaluated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, and limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) showing a good performance for the quantitation of bioallethrin stereoisomers with LODs of 0.2 and 0.3 mg/L. The developed method was applied to the stereoselective analysis of a commercial bioallethrin pediculicide formulation and to evaluate the toxicity of bioallethrin stereoisomers on the growth of the unicellular freshwater green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and on the germination of the higher plant Sorghum bicolor (non-target organisms). The analysis of the commercial pediculicide showed a good agreement between the contents determined for the two stereoisomers and those labelled in the commercial samples. Different toxic responses and biodegradation profiles were found for each stereoisomer in ecotoxicity assays. The mixture of SIR stereoisomers of bioallethrin resulted more toxic than S-bioallethrin for green algae, with EC50 values of 1.10 +/- 0.06 for the mixture and of 1.73 +/- 0.05 mg/L for the pure S-biallethrin (esbiol). Germination of plants seeds was also affected. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Propiedades psicométricas das escalas bas-dep e ebas-dep em espanhol para a triagem de depressão em uma mostra geriátrica na Colômbia: um estudo exploratório

Neste estudo foram exploradas as propriedades psicométricas da escala breve para a avaliação da depressão (BAS-DEP Brief Assessment Scale for Depression) e a escala ultrabreve para a avaliação da depressão (EBAS-DEP Even Briefer Assessment Scale for Depression) em uma mostra de 104 idosos, sendo 41 homens e 63 mulheres, residentes em duas cidades colombianas. A BASDEP continha 21 perguntas dicotômicas sobre ânimo depressivo, preocupações, ideias suicidas e queixas somáticas, enquanto que a EBAS-DEP foi obtida extraindo 8 itens da BAS-DEP e cujo desempenho psicométrico foi descrito como equivalente pelos autores do estudo original (Allen, et al., 1994). Avaliou-se a confiabilidade e validade, sensibilidade e especificidade, obtiveramse curvas de características operativas do receptor (ROC). Realizaram-se análises Rasch de ajuste, dificuldade, habilidade e mapeamento de itens. A BAS-DEP mostrou um nível apropriado de confiabilidade (.82) enquanto que esse valor foi baixo para a EBAS-DEP (.56). A baixa confiabilidade da EBAS-DEP poderia ser explicada por sua concisão ainda que sua sensibilidade e especificidade foram apropriadas. As soluções fatoriais demonstraram que a maioria dos itens da BAS-DEP e EBAS-DEP contribuía na explicação da variância total. Ao usar a escala de depressão geriátrica (GDS) de Yesavage como critério externo de validade, obtiveram-se coeficientes de sensibilidade e especificidade superiores a .70 com notas de corte 5/6 para a BAS-DEP e 2/3 para a EBAS-DEP. Os estatísticos ROC mostraram que as escalas são similares em sua eficiência para detectar depressão na mostra. Estes descobrimentos se assemelham aos relatados por estudos efetuados na Austrália, Inglaterra, Alemanha e China. Este foi o primeiro estudo das propriedades psicométricas das versões em espanhol destas escalas. A realização de novas pesquisas independentes permitirá enriquecer a base de evidência a favor da utilidade e validade destes instrumentos.En este estudio se exploraron las propiedades psicométricas de la escala breve para la evaluación de la depresión (BAS-DEP Brief Assessment Scale for Depression) y la escala ultra-breve para la evaluación de la depresión (EBAS-DEP Even Briefer Assessment Scale for Depression) en una muestra de 104 adultos mayores, 41 hombres y 63 mujeres, residentes en dos ciudades Colombianas. La BAS-DEP contenía 21 preguntas dicotómicas sobre ánimo depresivo, preocupaciones, ideación suicida y quejas somáticas, mientras que la EBAS-DEP se obtuvo extrayendo 8 ítems de la BAS-DEP y cuyo desempeño psicométrico ha sido descrito como equivalente por los autores del estudio original (Allen, et al., 1994). Se evaluó la confiabilidad y validez, sensibilidad y especificidad, y se obtuvieron curvas de características operativas del receptor (ROC). Se realizaron análisis Rasch de ajuste, dificultad, habilidad y mapeo de ítems. La BAS-DEP mostró un nivel apropiado de confiabilidad (.82) mientras que dicho valor fuebajo para la EBAS-DEP (.56). La baja confiabilidad de la EBAS-DEP podría ser explicada por su brevedad aunque su sensibilidad y especificidad fueron apropiadas. Las soluciones factoriales demostraron que la mayoría de ítems de la BAS-DEP y EBAS-DEP aportaban en la explicación de la varianza total.Al usar la escala de depresión geriátrica (GDS) de Yesavage como criterio externo de validez, se obtuvieron coeficientes de sensibilidad y especificidad superiores a 0,70 con puntajes de corte 5/6 para la BAS-DEP y 2/3 para la EBAS-DEP. Los estadísticos ROC mostraron que las escalas son similares en su eficiencia para detectar depresión en la muestra. Estos hallazgos se asemejan a los reportados por estudios efectuados en Australia, Inglaterra, Alemania y China. Éste ha sido el primer estudio de las propiedades psicométricas de las versiones en español de estas escalas.La realización de nuevas investigaciones independientes permitirá enriquecer la base de evidencia a favor de la utilidad y validez de estos instrumentos.This study aimed atexploring the psychometric properties of the Brief Assessment Scale for Depression (BAS-DEP) and the Even Briefer Assessment Scale for Depression (EBAS-DEP) scales as screening instruments in a sample of 104 elderly participants, 41 men and 63 women, residing in two Colombian cities. The BAS-DEP included 21 items assessing depressive mood, worry, suicidal ideation and somatic complaints. Meanwhile, the EBAS-DEP was derived by means of extracting 8 ítems of the BAS-DEP, and its performance was regarded as equivalent by the authors of the original study (Allen, et al., 1994).Reliability, validity,sensitivity and specificity were assessedand a receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) was obtained. Rasch analyses of adjustment, difficulty, and performance were executed and an item map was obtained.The BAS-DEP showed an appropriate level of reliability (.82).Nonetheless, such value was low for the EBAS-DEP (.56).Low reliability of the EBAS-DEP could be explained in terms of its briefness.Nevertheless, its performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity was appropriate. Factor solutions derived from the analyses revealed that most of the items in the BAS-DEP and EBAS-DEP scales contributed in explaining the total variance.When the Yesavage GDS scale was used as an external criterion of validity, coefficients of sensitivity and specificity above .70 were obtained in addition to cut-off scores of 5/6 for the BAS-DEP and 2/3 for the EBAS-DEP.ROC statistics showed that both scales are similarly efficient to detect depression in the sample.These findings are similar to those reported in studies conducted in Australia, England, Germany, and China. This study has been the first to assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish versions of these scales.Further independent studies will enrich the evidence base in favor of the usefulness and validity of these instruments

Listening processes and children's participation in early childhood education : a review of research

RESUMEN: La necesidad de considerar a la infancia como un colectivo con intenciones e intereses propios, que tiene derecho a ser escuchada y a participar en los temas que afectan a sus vidas, es el punto de partida en el que sustentamos el presente trabajo. Entendemos que el contexto escolar es un espacio privilegiado y determinante en el que, ya desde la Educación Infantil, los pequeños pueden ejercitar un papel activo en el desarrollo de procesos de participación efectivos que se expandan paulatinamente hacia la esfera pública y social. Con el fin de lograr este propósito, el adulto resulta clave como agente promotor de la escucha lo que, a su vez, implica un reconocimiento del otro, un encuentro que conduce a una comunicación bidireccional e igualitaria en la que el niño es aceptado y tenido en cuenta. Apoyándonos en estas consideraciones, presentamos una revisión de estudios realizados en las últimas dos décadas con niños de las primeras edades, que tienen como propósito común su participación activa, consciente y voluntaria. Dichos trabajos se caracterizan por abordar diferentes ámbitos y focos de estudio, así como por utilizar técnicas también diversas y, en ocasiones combinadas (visuales, orales y escritas), con el objeto de facilitar un mejor acercamiento a la perspectiva infantil.ABSTRACT: The need to consider children as a collective with their own intentions and interests, who have the right to be listened to and to participate in matters affecting their lives is the starting point of this paper. We believe that the school context is a privileged and determinant context in which, since early childhood education, young children can play an active role in the development of effective participatory processes that, gradually, can expand to the public and social spheres. In order to achieve this aim, the adult becomes a key figure in promoting listening to children. In addition, this implies a recognition of the other, an encounter that leads to a bidirectional and symmetrical communication in which children are accepted and regarded. On the basis of these considerations, in this paper we present a review of studies carried out with young children in the last two decades. All these studies aim at children’s active, conscious and voluntary participation and are focused on different areas and topics, using various techniques (visual, oral and written) in order to reach a better knowledge of and approach to child perspective

La mirada infantil sobre el proceso de transición escolar desde la etapa de educación infantil a la de educación primaria

Resumen: En este trabajo pretendemos conocer la perspectiva infantil sobre el proceso de transición escolar entre las etapas de educación infantil y educación primaria. Para ello contamos con la participación voluntaria de 60 niños y niñas del último curso de Educación Infantil (cinco años). Utilizando la técnica del dibujo y las conversaciones con niños, analizamos sus expectativas, miedos y creencias en esta transición. Los resultados muestran los conocimientos previos que los pequeños poseen sobre la educación primaria, sus estados emocionales ante la transición educativa, los referentes cercanos de información que utilizan, su percepción sobre las demandas académicas y los roles como alumnos, y los focos de continuidad y discontinuidad entre dichas etapas. Como conclusión, consideramos que recoger la visión de los niños/as sobre la transición educativa permite tener una perspectiva más completa que la obtenida en los estudios con adultos; y ello contribuirá a la mejora de la práctica educativa

Towards Functional Parts by Binder Jetting Calcium-Sulphate with Thermal Treatment Post-Processing

[EN] The objective of our research is to improve the properties of calcium-sulphate hemihydrate parts printed by binder jetting. In this paper, we show the thermal treatment results when using temperature time ramps on binder-jetted ceramic parts without infiltrating. The results show that the mechanical properties of printed parts are improved substantially. Two different thermal cycles were investigated for their effect on the dehydration process of CaSO4·½H2O using infrared analysis. The thermal-treated samples were compared with respect to porosity, surface roughness, compression strength and dimensional and weight variation. The proposed thermal treatment significantly improves the compression strength in a short time, guaranteeing dimensional stability while providing a good surface. This improvement in mechanical properties offers a great chance for using binder-jetted parts as functional components, for example, in the casting field or the medical sector (scaffolds).SIAgencia Estatal de Investigació

A Complex Model via Phase-Type Distributions to Study Random Telegraph Noise in Resistive Memories

A new stochastic process was developed by considering the internal performance of macro-states in which the sojourn time in each one is phase-type distributed depending on time. The stationary distribution was calculated through matrix-algorithmic methods and multiple interesting measures were worked out. The number of visits distribution to a determine macro-state were analyzed from the respective differential equations and the Laplace transform. The mean number of visits to a macro-state between any two times was given. The results were implemented computationally and were successfully applied to study random telegraph noise (RTN) in resistive memories. RTN is an important concern in resistive random access memory (RRAM) operation. On one hand, it could limit some of the technological applications of these devices; on the other hand, RTN can be used for the physical characterization. Therefore, an in-depth statistical analysis to model the behavior of these devices is of essential importance.Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (FEDER program) MTM2017-88708-P TEC2017-84321-C4-3-RGovernment of Andalusia (Spain) FQM-307Andalusian Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Companies and Universities A-TIC-117-UGR18 FPU18/0177

Los juegos experimentales de aula: una herramienta didáctica en cuidados paliativos = Experimental classroom games: a didactic tool in palliative care

P. 1-8To evaluate the effect of a games-based intervention on palliative care nursing students’ scores on the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale. The challenge was to innovate and integrate grief-related theory and experiences into the classroom. Method: Quasi-experimental study. Before and after the games-based intervention, 101 and 111 students completed the questionnaires, respectively. The intervention was performed in the context of a palliative care class taught during the first semester of the third year of the nursing programme. Results: The students obtained moderate mean scores on the variable fear of death (between 14 and 19) at both time points (pre- and post-intervention). Both men and women indicated a heightened sense of fear post-intervention and a decrease in self-perceived emotional preparedness, which support the value of the games for exposing the student to situations that closely approximated reality. Conclusion: The use of games as a didactic tool in the classroom context helped the students recognize the fear generated by proximity to death in the patient and family and in the student him- or herself.S