La chanson, « arme » révolutionnaire et chambre d’écho de la société en Auvergne

On n’a peut-être jamais autant chanté qu’à l’époque révolutionnaire ; cette décennie mouvementée permet à la multitude de suivre son penchant naturel. On chante la Révolution dans les rues, dans les salons, dans les fêtes, sur les théâtres. Si Paris reste incontestablement le lieu de prédilection des chansonniers,  la chanson se diffuse également en Auvergne. Ce panorama peut paraître subjectif avec le recul du temps, mais les chansons, écrites dans la fièvre du moment, sont le reflet de la sensibilité auvergnate. Eloignée des grands théâtres d’opérations militaires et de guerre civile, exempte de mouvements politiques violents et de troubles religieux aigus - la Terreur y est plus modérée et la déchristianisation larvée - l’Auvergne ne présente à l’égard des péripéties révolutionnaires ni enthousiasme prononcé ni hostilité systématique. Si bien qu’à la marche précipitée de la Révolution parisienne correspond ici un rythme plus large : l’onde s’amplifie et se calme en s’éloignant de son épicentre. L’enjeu pour le nouveau régime, par le biais de ses administrateurs, de ses représentants ou de ses ministres, consiste à faire adhérer la population aux idéaux républicains. Pour cela, l’art, et en particulier le formidable vecteur de propagande qu’incarne la musique, est ballotté entre impulsion et dirigisme. La chanson se veut également moyen d’éducation, de sensibilisation aux idées du siècle d’une population analphabète à 50% ; la musique monte sur scène. Mais à trop vouloir enrégimenter l’activité chansonnière, les administrateurs locaux ne parviennent guère à susciter l’enthousiasme d’une population davantage préoccupée par les problèmes de ravitaillement et de conscription que la Révolution génère. À partir de l’an II (1794), les pédagogues se détournent de leur public, la musique tend à perdre sa principale raison d’être… l’engouement populaire. La première partie, état des lieux des sources disponibles, rappelle les différents modes de diffusion des productions auvergnates, la prééminence patente des cités en tant que principaux foyers d’Orphée ; la seconde s’attache à l’élaboration  de la figure du chansonnier auvergnat, personnage issu de la petite bourgeoisie à la solde du régime ; la troisième partie établit un lien entre le contexte régional brûlant et les hymnes produits.Singing as a revolutionary « weapon » and echoing the society in Auvergne. French people probably have never sung as much as during the Revolution. People sing in the streets, in the salons, in the fairs or in the theatres. The songs written during this period reflects the sensitivity of the people living in Auvergne. Away from military battles, from the civil war, free from violent political unrests and religious troubles, they are neither deeply enthusiastic nor systematically hostile to the turns taken by the revolution. The rhythm of the events is slower than in Paris. By the means of its ministers, the goal of the new regime consists in making the French people adhere the republican ideals. That’s why art, and particularly music, used as a means of propaganda, is tossed between impulse and the government’s demand. Moreover songs are a way to educate, to make an illiterate population sensitive to the ideas of this century. Music is on the stage. But local administrators don’t really manage to fill with enthusiasm a population worried about getting fresh supplies and concerned about conscription. From 1794, teachers turn away from their public and music tends to lose its popularity. The first part, which is an inventory of the available sources, deals with the different ways of spreading music in Auvergne, cities being the main Orpheus centres. The second part focuses on the chansonniers belonging to the middle-class and being in the pay of the regime. Then, the third part establishes a link between the burning regional context and the produced hymns

Lumières et émigration : les itinéraires culturels du comte d’Espinchal

Ce travail de doctorat tend à mettre en valeur un fonds privé exceptionnel, déposé à la BMIU de Clermont-Ferrand sous le nom de « Journal de voyage du comte d’Espinchal » (disponible sous les côtes MS 301 à MS 313), carnets d’émigration d’un habitué de Chantilly perçu par ses contemporains comme le Saint-Simon de la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Grand lecteur, ouvert aux Lumières, amateur confirmé de théâtre et habitué des salons parisiens, sans complaisance dans ses jugements, le comte d’Espinchal s..

Interdisziplinäre Aufsatzdatenbanken und ihre Verlinkung mit den Volltexten : eine vergleichende Analyse ausgewählter Beispiele

Der Markt der Zeitschriftenpublikationen und damit auch der Aufsatzdatenbanken wächst stetig. Es existieren Fachdatenbanken neben interdisziplinären Bibliographien mit unterschiedlichsten Zugangskonditionen und Verlinkungen. Die Arbeit betrachtet ausgewählte Beispiele aus dem Gebiet der interdisziplinären Aufsatzdatenbanken anhand selbst festgelegter Beschreibungskriterien. Sie beschreibt die vorhandenen Verlinkungen zu den Volltexten und Dikumentlieferdiensten und versucht die Datenbanken anhand ihrer Funktionalität und Benutzerfreundlichkeit zu bewerten. Darüberhinaus wird die Funktionsweise übergreifender Linksysteme am Beispiel der Multisuchsystems E-Connect dargestellt. Die Möglichkeiten, die sich daraus für eine Weiterverarbeitung der Rechercheergebnisse ergeben, werden erläutert

Critical Issues in the Development of Health Information Systems in Supporting Environmental Health: A Case Study of Ciguatera

Emerging environmental pressures resulting from climate change and globalization challenge the capacity of health information systems (HIS) in the Pacific to inform future policy and public health interventions. Ciguatera, a globally common marine food-borne illness, is used here to illustrate specific HIS challenges in the Pacific and how these might be overcome proactively to meet the changing surveillance needs resulting from environmental change.We review and highlight inefficiencies in the reactive nature of existing HIS in the Pacific to collect, collate, and communicate ciguatera fish poisoning data currently used to inform public health intervention. Further, we review the capacity of existing HIS to respond to new data needs associated with shifts in ciguatera disease burden likely to result from coral reef habitat disruption.Improved knowledge on the ecological drivers of ciguatera prevalence at local and regional levels is needed, combined with enhanced surveillance techniques and data management systems, to capture environmental drivers as well as health outcomes data.The capacity of public HIS to detect and prevent future outbreaks is largely dependent on the future development of governance strategies that promote proactive surveillance and health action. Accordingly, we present an innovative framework from which to stimulate scientific debate on how this might be achieved by using existing larger scale data sets and multidisciplinary collaborations

Romantic ideals, mate preferences, and anticipation of future difficulties in marital life: a comparative study of young adults in India and America

This article has been made available through open access by the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.Previous studies have established that Indians tend to be greater in collectivism and gender role traditionalism than Americans. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether these differences explained further cultural differences in romantic beliefs, traditional mate preferences, and anticipation of future difficulties in marital life. Results revealed that Indians reported greater collectivism than Americans and, in turn, held stronger romantic beliefs. Additionally, Indians’ greater collectivism and endorsement of more traditional gender roles in part predicted their preferences for a marital partner possessing traditional characteristics, and fully accounted for their heightened concerns about encountering future difficulties in marital life. These results shed light on the processes underlying cultural differences in relationship attitudes and preferences, and point to culture-specific therapies to enhance marital functioning

Leptospirosis in American Samoa – Estimating and Mapping Risk Using Environmental Data

Leptospirosis is the most common bacterial infection transmitted from animals to humans. Infected animals excrete the bacteria in their urine, and humans can become infected through contact with animals or a contaminated environment such as water and soil. Environmental factors are important in determining the risk of human infection, and differ between ecological settings. The wide range of risk factors include high rainfall and flooding; poor sanitation and hygiene; urbanisation and overcrowding; contact with animals (including rodents, livestock, pets, and wildlife); outdoor recreation and ecotourism; and environmental degradation. Predictive risk maps have been produced for many infectious diseases to identify high-risk areas for transmission and guide allocation of public health resources. Maps are particularly useful where disease surveillance and epidemiological data are poor. The objectives of this study were to estimate leptospirosis seroprevalence at geographic locations based on environmental factors, produce a predictive disease risk map for American Samoa, and assess the accuracy of the maps in predicting infection risk. This study demonstrated the value of geographic information systems and disease mapping for identifying environmental risk factors for leptospirosis, and enhancing our understanding of disease transmission. Similar principles could be used to investigate the epidemiology of leptospirosis in other areas

Scrub typhus ecology: a systematic review of Orientia in vectors and hosts

Abstract Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is an important and neglected vector-borne zoonotic disease with an expanding known distribution. The ecology of the disease is complex and poorly understood, impairing discussion of public health interventions. To highlight what we know and the themes of our ignorance, we conducted a systematic review of all studies investigating the pathogen in vectors and non-human hosts. A total of 276 articles in 7 languages were included, with 793 study sites across 30 countries. There was no time restriction for article inclusion, with the oldest published in 1924. Seventy-six potential vector species and 234 vertebrate host species were tested, accounting for over one million trombiculid mites (‘chiggers’) and 83,000 vertebrates. The proportion of O. tsutsugamushi positivity was recorded for different categories of laboratory test and host species. Vector and host collection sites were geocoded and mapped. Ecological data associated with these sites were summarised. A further 145 articles encompassing general themes of scrub typhus ecology were reviewed. These topics range from the life-cycle to transmission, habitats, seasonality and human risks. Important gaps in our understanding are highlighted together with possible tools to begin to unravel these. Many of the data reported are highly variable and inconsistent and minimum data reporting standards are proposed. With more recent reports of human Orientia sp. infection in the Middle East and South America and enormous advances in research technology over recent decades, this comprehensive review provides a detailed summary of work investigating this pathogen in vectors and non-human hosts and updates current understanding of the complex ecology of scrub typhus. A better understanding of scrub typhus ecology has important relevance to ongoing research into improving diagnostics, developing vaccines and identifying useful public health interventions to reduce the burden of the disease.</jats:p

Entre émigration de maintien et oisiveté. Un aristocrate auvergnat à la recherche des plaisirs perdus

Un regard à la manière de Saint-Simon Le plus sociable et le mieux informé des Parisiens, tel se présente Joseph Thomas d’Espinchal, dernier seigneur d’une vieille famille d’Auvergne à la veille de la Révolution. Grand lecteur – l’analyse du contenu de ses bibliothèques le dépeint comme un homme intéressé par l’histoire et la littérature –, gagné par la fréquentation des cercles éclairés à la philosophie et au libéralisme, amateur confirmé de théâtre, le comte incarne un mondain à l’éclectism..