Apical endosomes isolated from kidney collecting duct principal cells lack subunits of the proton pumping ATPase.

Endocytic vesicles that are involved in the vasopressin-stimulated recycling of water channels to and from the apical membrane of kidney collecting duct principal cells were isolated from rat renal papilla by differential and Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Fluorescence quenching measurements showed that the isolated vesicles maintained a high, HgCl2-sensitive water permeability, consistent with the presence of vasopressin-sensitive water channels. They did not, however, exhibit ATP-dependent luminal acidification, nor any N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive ATPase activity, properties that are characteristic of most acidic endosomal compartments. Western blotting with specific antibodies showed that the 31- and 70-kD cytoplasmically oriented subunits of the vacuolar proton pump were not detectable in these apical endosomes from the papilla, whereas they were present in endosomes prepared in parallel from the cortex. In contrast, the 56-kD subunit of the proton pump was abundant in papillary endosomes, and was localized at the apical pole of principal cells by immunocytochemistry. Finally, an antibody that recognizes the 16-kD transmembrane subunit of oat tonoplast ATPase cross-reacted with a distinct 16-kD band in cortical endosomes, but no 16-kD band was detectable in endosomes from the papilla. This antibody also recognized a 16-kD band in affinity-purified H+ ATPase preparations from bovine kidney medulla. Therefore, early endosomes derived from the apical plasma membrane of collecting duct principal cells fail to acidify because they lack functionally important subunits of a vacuolar-type proton pumping ATPase, including the 16-kD transmembrane domain that serves as the proton-conducting channel, and the 70-kD cytoplasmic subunit that contains the ATPase catalytic site. This specialized, non-acidic early endosomal compartment appears to be involved primarily in the hormonally induced recycling of water channels to and from the apical plasma membrane of vasopressin-sensitive cells in the kidney collecting duct

Binding of the Cytosolic P200 Protein to Golgi Membranes Is Regulated by Heterotrimeric G-Proteins

The formation of vesicles for protein trafficking requires the dynamic binding of cytosolic coat proteins onto Golgi membranes and this binding is regulated by a variety of GTPases, including heterotrimeric G proteins. We have previously shown the presence of the pertussis toxin-sensitive Galpha(i-3) protein on Golgi membranes and demonstrated a functional role for Galpha(i-3) in the trafficking of secretory proteins through the Golgi complex. We have also described a brefeldin A-sensitive phosphoprotein, p200, which is found in the cytoplasm and on Golgi membranes. The present study investigations the role of heterotrimeric G proteins in the regulation of p200 binding to Golgi membranes. An in vitro binding assay was used to measure the binding of cytosolic p200 to LLC-PK1 cell microsomal membranes and to purified rat liver Golgi membranes in the presence of specific activators of G proteins. The binding of p200 to Golgi membranes was compared to that of the coatomer protein beta-COP, for which G protein-dependent membrane binding has previously been established. Membrane binding of both p200 and beta-COP was induced maximally by activation of all G proteins in the presence of GTPgammaS. More selective activation of the heterotrimeric G proteins, with AlFn or mastoparan, also induced membrane binding of p200 and beta-COP. Pertussis toxin pretreatment of Golgi membranes, to selectively inactivate Galpha(i-3), reduced the AlFn and mastoparan-induced binding of p200 to Golgi membranes, whereas no significant effect of pertussis toxin on beta-COP binding was found in this assay. The effect of pertussis toxin thus implicates Galpha(i-3), as one component of a regulatory pathway, in the binding of cytosolic p200 to Golgi membranes. The effects of AlFn and pertussis toxin on p200 membrane binding were also shown in intact cells by immunofluorescence staining. AlFn treatment of cells induced translocation of p200 from the cytoplasm onto the Golgi complex, resulting in a conformational change in some Golgi membranes. The translocation of p200 was blocked by pretreatment of intact NRK cells with pertussis toxin. The data presented here support the conclusion that the binding of the p200 protein to Golgi membranes involves regulation by the pertussis toxin-sensitive heterotrimeric G proteins, specifically the Galpha(i-3) protein

Targeting of Chimeric G-Alpha(I) Proteins to Specific Membrane Domains

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-regulatory (G) proteins are associated with a variety of intracellular membranes and specific plasma membrane domains. In polarized epithelial LLC-PK1 cells we have shown previously that endogenous Galpha(i-2) is localized on the basolateral plasma membrane, whereas Galpha(i-3) is localized on Golgi membranes. The targeting of these highly homologous Galpha(i) proteins to distinct membrane domains was studied by the transfection and expression of chimeric Galpha(i) proteins in LLC-PK1 cells. Chimeric cDNAs were constructed from the cDNAs for Galpha(i-3) and Galpha(i-2) and introduced into a pMXX eukaryotic expression vector containing a mouse metaltothionein-I promotor. Stably transfected cell lines were produced that expressed either Galpha(i-2/3) or Galpha(i-3/2) chimeric proteins. Chimeric and endogenous Galpha(i) proteins were detected in cells using specific carboxy-terminal peptide antibodies. Immunofluorescence staining was used to localize endogenous and chimeric Galpha(i) proteins in LLC-PK1 cells. The staining of chimeric proteins was detected as an increased intensity of staining on membranes containing endogenous Galpha(i) proteins. Using confocal microscopy and image analysis we localized Galpha(i-2) to a specific sub-domain of the lateral membrane of polarized cells, the chimeric Galpha(i-3/2) protein was then shown to colocalize with endognenous Galpha(i-2) in the same lateral plasma membrane domain. The chimeric Galpha(i-2/3) protein colocalized with endogenous Galpha(i-3) on Golgi membranes in LLC-PK1 cells. These results show that chimeric Galpha(i) proteins were targeted to the same membrane domains as endogenous Galpha(i) proteins and the specificity of their membrane targeting was conferred by the carboxy-terminal end of the proteins. These data provide the first evidence for specific targeting information contained in the carboxy termini of Galpha(i) proteins, which appears to be independent of amino-terminal membrane attachment sites in these proteins

Basic Biomedical Sciences and the Future of Medical Education: Implications for Internal Medicine

The academic model of medical education in the United States is facing substantial challenges. Apprenticeship experiences with clinical faculty are increasingly important in most medical schools and residency programs. This trend threatens to separate clinical education from the scientific foundations of medical practice. Paradoxically, this devaluation of biomedical science is occurring as the ability to use new discoveries to rationalize clinical decision making is rapidly expanding. Understanding the scientific foundations of medical practice and the ability to apply them in the care of patients separates the physician from other health care professionals. The de-emphasis of biomedical science in medical education poses particular dangers for the future of internal medicine as the satisfaction derived from the application of science to the solving of a clinical problem has been a central attraction of the specialty. Internists should be engaged in the ongoing discussions of medical education reform and provide a strong voice in support of rigorous scientific training for the profession

Intuitive, But Not Simple: Including Explicit Water Molecules in Protein-Protein Docking Simulations Improves Model Quality

Characterizing the nature of interaction between proteins that have not been experimentally co-crystallized requires a computational docking approach that can successfully predict the spatial conformation adopted in the complex. In this work, the Hydropathic INTeractions (HINT) force field model was used for scoring docked models in a data set of 30 high-resolution crystallographically characterized “dry” protein-protein complexes, and was shown to reliably identify native-like models. However, most current protein-protein docking algorithms fail to explicitly account for water molecules involved in bridging interactions that mediate and stabilize the association of the protein partners, so we used HINT to illuminate the physical and chemical properties of bridging waters and account for their energetic stabilizing contributions. The HINT water Relevance metric identified the ‘truly’ bridging waters at the 30 protein-protein interfaces and we utilized them in “solvated” docking by manually inserting them into the input files for the rigid body ZDOCK program. By accounting for these interfacial waters, a statistically significant improvement of ~24% in the average hit-count within the top-10 predictions the protein-protein dataset was seen, compared to standard “dry” docking. The results also show scoring improvement, with medium and high accuracy models ranking much better than incorrect ones. These improvements can be attributed to the physical presence of water molecules that alter surface properties and better represent native shape and hydropathic complementarity between interacting partners, with concomitantly more accurate native-like structure predictions

How Genomics Is Changing What We Know About the Evolution and Genome of Bordetella pertussis

The evolution of Bordetella pertussis from a common ancestor similar to Bordetella bronchiseptica has occurred through large-scale gene loss, inactivation and rearrangements, largely driven by the spread of insertion sequence element repeats throughout the genome. B. pertussis is widely considered to be monomorphic, and recent evolution of the B. pertussis genome appears to, at least in part, be driven by vaccine-based selection. Given the recent global resurgence of whooping cough despite the wide-spread use of vaccination, a more thorough understanding of B. pertussis genomics could be highly informative. In this chapter we discuss the evolution of B. pertussis, including how vaccination is changing the circulating B. pertussis population at the gene-level, and how new sequencing technologies are revealing previously unknown levels of inter- and intra-strain variation at the genome-level