79 research outputs found
The Kinome of Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas, Its Expression during Development and in Response to Environmental Factors
Oysters play an important role in estuarine and coastal marine habitats, where the majority of humans live. In these ecosystems, environmental degradation is substantial, and oysters must cope with highly dynamic and stressful environmental constraints during their lives in the intertidal zone. The availability of the genome sequence of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas represents a unique opportunity for a comprehensive assessment of the signal transduction pathways that the species has developed to deal with this unique habitat. We performed an in silico analysis to identify, annotate and classify protein kinases in C. gigas, according to their kinase domain taxonomy classification, and compared with kinome already described in other animal species. The C. gigas kinome consists of 371 protein kinases, making it closely related to the sea urchin kinome, which has 353 protein kinases. The absence of gene redundancy in some groups of the C. gigas kinome may simplify functional studies of protein kinases. Through data mining of transcriptomes in C. gigas, we identified part of the kinome which may be central during development and may play a role in response to various environmental factors. Overall, this work contributes to a better understanding of key sensing pathways that may be central for adaptation to a highly dynamic marine environment
Generation and analysis of a 29,745 unique Expressed Sequence Tags from the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) assembled into a publicly accessible database: the GigasDatabase
Background: Although bivalves are among the most-studied marine organisms because of their ecological role and economic importance, very little information is available on the genome sequences of oyster species. This report documents three large-scale cDNA sequencing projects for the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas initiated to provide a large number of expressed sequence tags that were subsequently compiled in a publicly accessible database. This resource allowed for the identification of a large number of transcripts and provides valuable information for ongoing investigations of tissue-specific and stimulus-dependant gene expression patterns. These data are crucial for constructing comprehensive DNA microarrays, identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellites in coding regions, and for identifying genes when the entire genome sequence of C. gigas becomes available. Description: In the present paper, we report the production of 40,845 high-quality ESTs that identify 29,745 unique transcribed sequences consisting of 7,940 contigs and 21,805 singletons. All of these new sequences, together with existing public sequence data, have been compiled into a publicly-available Website http://public-contigbrowser.sigenae.org:9090/Crassostrea_gigas/index.htm l. Approximately 43% of the unique ESTs had significant matches against the SwissProt database and 27% were annotated using Gene Ontology terms. In addition, we identified a total of 208 in silico microsatellites from the ESTs, with 173 having sufficient flanking sequence for primer design. We also identified a total of 7,530 putative in silico, single-nucleotide polymorphisms using existing and newly-generated EST resources for the Pacific oyster. Conclusion: A publicly-available database has been populated with 29,745 unique sequences for the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The database provides many tools to search cleaned and assembled ESTs. The user may input and submit several filters, such as protein or nucleotide hits, to select and download relevant elements. This database constitutes one of the most developed genomic resources accessible among Lophotrochozoans, an orphan clade of bilateral animals. These data will accelerate the development of both genomics and genetics in a commercially-important species with the highest annual, commercial production of any aquatic organism
Biologie de la cellule normale et pathologique : explorer la fonction des protéines.
Jâappartiens aux scientifiques qui Ă©tudient le monde animal, et non pas le vĂ©gĂ©tal (moins bons souvenirsâŠ). Mon Ă©chelle de travail est toute petite, câest le compartiment intracellulaire, car jâĂ©tudie les protĂ©ines. Comment comprendre leur rĂŽle ? Comment rĂ©gulent-elles le fonctionnement normal de la cellule ? Comment renseignent-elles sur lâenvironnement cellulaire? Quel impact du stress sur leur fonction? Comment diffĂ©rencier les rĂ©ponses physiologiques des rĂ©ponses pathologiques ? Des modĂšles vertĂ©brĂ©s et invertĂ©brĂ©s, plusieurs types cellulaires, la dĂ©couverte de fonctions: je vais dĂ©crire dans mon HDR les ingrĂ©dients qui ont produit la science Ă laquelle jâai participĂ©e depuis 1995. Je vais exposer quelques scĂ©narios de ces Ă©pisodes passĂ©s en laboratoire de recherche fondamentale, oĂč lâon tente de voir comment les protĂ©ines fonctionnent dans les cellules, de comprendre leur rĂŽle. Avec pour seul objectif accroĂźtre la connaissance, sans se tromper, jusquâĂ peut-ĂȘtre la preuve du contraire grĂące aux chercheurs de demain. Sans but prĂ©cis, et donc avec plein dâidĂ©es
LâhuĂźtre creuse, sentinelle de lâĂ©tat de santĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes cĂŽtiers exploitĂ©s du littoral français. Rapport annuel ECOSCOPA 2016
Occupant une place de premier ordre dans nos paysages cĂŽtiers, lâostrĂ©iculture est le premier contributeur de la filiĂšre aquacole française avec une production estimĂ©e Ă 85 000 tonnes ces derniĂšres annĂ©es. VĂ©ritable espĂšce ingĂ©nieur, lâhuĂźtre creuse joue aussi un rĂŽle essentiel sur le plan Ă©cologique dans les Ă©cosystĂšmes qui lâabritent.
Pourtant, depuis plusieurs annĂ©es, lâostrĂ©iculture subie une baisse de production et les bancs naturels, garants de la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique, sont mis en danger. Ces phĂ©nomĂšnes sont la consĂ©quence directe de lâĂ©pizootie causĂ©e par OsHV-1 ”Var frappant les naissains et des mortalitĂ©s dâadultes associĂ©es Ă la bactĂ©rie Vibrio aestuarianus. Ces Ă©pisodes de mortalitĂ©s accrues ne sont pas nouveaux mais leur rĂ©currence et leur intensitĂ© nous amĂšnent Ă Ă©laborer des outils plus complets permettant de mesurer objectivement, par diffĂ©rents moyens et Ă plusieurs Ă©chelles, lâĂ©tat de santĂ© des huĂźtres, leur susceptibilitĂ© aux infections et lâimpact des variations environnementales et/ou anthropiques sur leur cycle de vie (reproduction, Ă©cologie larvaire, recrutement, croissance). Ces outils doivent permettre de mieux Ă©valuer sur le long terme les risques biologiques encourus par la filiĂšre (risques associĂ©s aux transferts, aux Ă©volutions des pratiques culturales, ainsi quâĂ lâĂ©mergence potentielle de nouvelles maladies).
Dans la mesure oĂč lâĂ©levage de lâhuĂźtre creuse est, pour la quasi-totalitĂ© du cycle, rĂ©alisĂ© en milieu naturel, ces outils font nĂ©cessairement appel Ă des systĂšmes organisĂ©s dâobservation sur le long terme et Ă grande Ă©chelle (afin dâapprĂ©hender la diversitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes exploitĂ©s).
Lâobjectif gĂ©nĂ©ral du projet ECOSCOPA est donc de continuer Ă consolider le dispositif dâobservation actuel sur 6 Ă©cosystĂšmes, crĂ©Ă© antĂ©rieurement par les projets RESCO et Velyger, et dây ajouter progressivement une sĂ©rie de nouveaux indicateurs physiologiques et environnementaux pertinents, contribuant Ă une analyse plus fine des Ă©cosystĂšmes conchylicoles et leur Ă©volution en lien avec les pressions climatiques et anthropiques.
Le rapport ci joint prĂ©sente donc de façon successive : (1) les suivis 2016 des paramĂštres environnementaux sur 6 sites ; (2) les donnĂ©es du rĂ©seau Velyger sur la reproduction de lâhuitre sur ces mĂȘmes sites et (3) le dĂ©veloppement dâun nouveau descripteur : la mesure de la protĂ©ine VDAC, appliquĂ©e sur des animaux sentinelles du projet.
Concernant les facteurs environnementaux et le cycle de reproduction 2016, on retient les faits majeurs suivants :
·      Sur le plan hydro-climatique, cette annĂ©e se caractĂ©rise par un hiver doux et un printemps dans les normales, suivis dâun Ă©tĂ© lĂ aussi trĂšs proche des normales Ă une exception prĂšs : la rade de Brest qui a bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© dâune tempĂ©rature de lâeau supĂ©rieure aux normales dĂ©s le dĂ©but de lâĂ©tĂ©. Compte tenu dâune pluviomĂ©trie plutĂŽt excĂ©dentaire, les concentrations en phytoplancton sont restĂ©es Ă des niveaux assez Ă©levĂ©s de la rade de Brest aux pertuis charentais et toujours dĂ©ficitaires dans le bassin dâArcachon et la lagune de Thau.
·      En terme de biologie, ces conditions hydro-climatiques se sont traduites, chez les populations dâhuĂźtres adultes, par des indices de condition, proxy de la fĂ©conditĂ©, assez Ă©levĂ©s, avec toujours lâexistence dâun gradient nord-sud observĂ© chaque annĂ©e, corrĂ©lativement Ă la concentration en phytoplancton. En outre, lâabsence dâexcĂ©dent thermique au printemps et en dĂ©but dâĂ©tĂ© nâa pas permis de pontes prĂ©coces (Ă lâexception de la lagune de Thau), elles ont mĂȘme Ă©tĂ© plutĂŽt tardives (e.g. bassin dâArcachon) et plutĂŽt asynchrones. Les quantitĂ©s de jeunes larves sont donc restĂ©es faibles (pic < 100 000 larves/1.5m3) sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes Ă©tudiĂ©s.
·      Sur la façade atlantique, les tempĂ©ratures de lâeau lors du dĂ©veloppement larvaire des principales cohortes ont Ă©tĂ© tout justes dans les normes, voire un peu faible en aoĂ»t. En consĂ©quence, il y a donc eu peu de larves grosses dans lâeau Ă lâexception des secteurs rade de Brest et lagune de Thau : avec, en moyenne sur lâĂ©tĂ©, moins de 10 larves grosses/1,5m3, certains secteurs enregistrent leur score le plus faible depuis le dĂ©but des suivis.
·      La lagune de Thau fait aussi figure dâexception : les tempĂ©ratures Ă©levĂ©es tout au long de lâĂ©tĂ© ont permis une concentration moyenne de larves âgrossesâ modĂ©rĂ©e (243 larves/1,5m3). Cependant, les mĂ©thodes et les techniques de captage sont encore en cours dâoptimisation sur ce secteur et cette annĂ©e, malgrĂ© la prĂ©sence de larves grosses, le captage est restĂ© faible (< 10 naissains par coupelle Ă lâautomne).
·      En consĂ©quence, lâannĂ©e 2016, se caractĂ©rise par un captage globalement « faible Ă modĂ©rĂ© » dans tous les secteurs sâĂ©chelonnant autour de 1 naissain/coupelle en baie de Bourgneuf Ă plus de 114 naissains/coupelle dans certains secteurs de rade de Brest (secteur de LandĂ©vennec-Poulmic).
Concernant le dĂ©veloppement dâun nouveau descripteur physiologique, les analyses prĂ©sentĂ©es ici ont permis de dĂ©velopper un protocole de quantification dâun biomarqueur de lâeffet Warburg de lâhuĂźtre et dâĂ©tudier la corrĂ©lation entre ce biomarqueur et les mortalitĂ©s dâhuĂźtre in situ. Lâeffet Warburg, bien dĂ©taillĂ© chez les VertĂ©brĂ©s, correspond au mauvais Ă©tat de santĂ© de lâhuĂźtre lorsquâelle est susceptible au virus OsHV-1, peu de temps avant quâelle nây succombe. Le biomarqueur dĂ©veloppĂ© ici semble prĂ©dictif de la mortalitĂ© ou non par infection virale in situ. Nos recherches futures viseront Ă Ă©tudier comment le contenu de VDAC est rĂ©gulĂ© par les facteurs environnementaux, facteurs qui sont certainement trĂšs variables en fonction des sites ECOSCOPA
n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a nutritional tool to prevent insulin resistance associated to type 2 diabetes and obesity?
n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3), are present in mammal tissues both from endogenous synthesis from desaturation and elongation of 18:3 n-3 and/or from dietary origin (marine products and fish oils). In rodents in vivo, n-3 LC-PUFA have a protective effect against high fat diet induced insulin resistance. Such an effect is explained at the molecular level by the prevention of many alterations of insulin signaling induced by a high fat diet. Indeed, the protective effect of n-3 LC-PUFA results from the following: (a) the prevention of the decrease of phosphatidyl inositol 3â kinase (PI3 kinase) activity and of the depletion of the glucose transporter protein GLUT4 in the muscle; (b) the prevention of the decreased expression of GLUT4 in adipose tissue. In addition, n-3 LC-PUFA inhibit both the activity and expression of liver glucose-6-phosphatase which could explain the protective effect with respect to the excessive hepatic glucose output induced by a high fat diet. n-3 LC-PUFA also decrease muscle intramyofibrillar triglycerides and liver steatosis. This last effect results on the one hand, from a decreased expression of lipogenesis enzymes and of delta 9 desaturase (via a depleting effect on sterol response element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). On the other hand, n-3 LC-PUFA stimulate fatty acid oxidation in the liver (via the activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR-)). In patients with type 2 diabetes, fish oil dietary supplementation fails to reverse insulin resistance for unclear reasons, but systematically decreases plasma triglycerides. Conversely, in healthy humans, fish oil has many physiological effects. Indeed, fish oil reduces insulin response to oral glucose without altering the glycaemic response, abolishes extraggression at times of mental stress, decreases the activation of sympathetic activity during mental stress and also decreases plasma triglycerides. These effects are encouraging in the perspective of prevention of insulin resistance but further clinical and basic studies must be designed to confirm and complete our knowledge in this field
Physiological changes in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas exposed to the herpesvirus OsHV-1 ÎŒvar
Since 2008, mass mortality events of Crassostrea gigas have been occurring along the French coast when seawater temperature exceeds 16ÂșC. These mortality events are related to a particular genotype of the ostreid herpesvirus named OsHV-1 ÎŒvar. The present study aimed to detail various physiological aspects underlying the onset of the disease. In the laboratory, both exposed (infected) and naĂŻve (healthy) oysters were maintained at 13.0°C and 20.6ÂșC. These temperatures were respectively lower and higher than the threshold values of 16°C at which the disease generally occur. At 20.6ÂșC, exposed oysters were characterized by a reduction in energetic reserves (carbohydrates and triglycerides) together with a decrease in protein content. Sterols levels were lower in exposed oysters than in naĂŻve individuals, irrespective of temperature. Finally, activities of some key enzymes related to energetics were similar in exposed and naĂŻve oysters and did not change with temperature. This result suggests that although energetic reserves were being diminished in infected oysters, their metabolic activities remained similar to that of healthy animals
Observatoire national du cycle de vie de lâhuĂźtre creuse en France. Rapport annuel ECOSCOPA 2017
https://doi.org/10.17882/86131Occupant une place de premier ordre dans les paysages cĂŽtiers français, lâostrĂ©iculture est le premier contributeur de la filiĂšre aquacole française avec une production estimĂ©e Ă 85 000 tonnes ces derniĂšres annĂ©es. VĂ©ritable espĂšce ingĂ©nieur, lâhuĂźtre creuse, installĂ©e en France depuis plus de 50 ans, joue aussi un rĂŽle essentiel sur le plan Ă©cologique dans les Ă©cosystĂšmes qui lâabritent. Pourtant, depuis plusieurs annĂ©es, cette filiĂšre subie une baisse de production et les bancs naturels, garants de la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique, sont mis en danger. Ces phĂ©nomĂšnes sont la consĂ©quence directe de lâĂ©pizootie causĂ©e par OsHV-1 (sous sa forme ”Var) affectant les naissains et des mortalitĂ©s dâadultes associĂ©es Ă la bactĂ©rie Vibrio aestuarianus. Ces Ă©pisodes de mortalitĂ©s accrues ne sont pas nouveaux mais leur rĂ©currence et leur intensitĂ© ont amenĂ©s Ă Ă©laborer des outils plus complets permettant de mesurer objectivement, par diffĂ©rents moyens et Ă plusieurs Ă©chelles, lâĂ©tat de santĂ© des huĂźtres, leur sensibilitĂ© aux infections et lâimpact des variations environnementales et/ou anthropiques sur leur cycle de vie (reproduction, Ă©cologie larvaire, recrutement, croissance, survie). Ces outils doivent permettre de mieux Ă©valuer sur le long terme les risques biologiques encourus par la filiĂšre (risques associĂ©s aux transferts, aux Ă©volutions des pratiques culturales, ainsi quâĂ lâĂ©mergence potentielle de maladies) ainsi que ceux encourus pour lâĂ©cosystĂšme (perte dâhabitats, de biodiversitĂ© et de services liĂ©s Ă la disparition des rĂ©cifs dâhuĂźtres sauvages devenus au fil du temps patrimoniaux).
Dans la mesure oĂč le cycle de vie de lâhuĂźtre creuse sâaccomplit intĂ©gralement en milieu naturel, ces outils font nĂ©cessairement appel Ă des systĂšmes organisĂ©s dâobservation sur le long terme et Ă grande Ă©chelle afin dâapprĂ©hender la diversitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes exploitĂ©s. Lâobjectif gĂ©nĂ©ral du projet ECOSCOPA est donc de mutualiser et pĂ©renniser les dispositifs dâobservation actuels, crĂ©Ă©s antĂ©rieurement par les projets RESCO et VELYGER, et dây ajouter progressivement une sĂ©rie de nouveaux indicateurs physiologiques et environnementaux pertinents, contribuant Ă une analyse plus fine du cycle de vie de cette espĂšce en lien avec les pressions climatiques et anthropiques.
Le rapport ci joint prĂ©sente donc de façon successive : (1) les suivis 2017 des paramĂštres environnementaux sur les six sites atelier ; (2) les suivis 2017 des mortalitĂ©s sur les lots ; (3) les donnĂ©es du rĂ©seau VELYGER sur le cycle de reproduction de lâhuĂźtre, en 2017, sur ces mĂȘmes sites ; (4) un Ă©tat de la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique du recrutement sur les principaux gisements naturels et (5) le dĂ©veloppement de nouveaux outils et descripteurs Ă©cophysiologiques pertinents avec, en 2017, la mesure de la tempĂ©rature interne de lâhuĂźtre
Energy and Antioxidant Responses of Pacific Oyster Exposed to Trace Levels of Pesticides
International audienceHere, we assess the physiological effects induced by environmental concentrations of pesticides in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Oysters were exposed for 14 d to trace levels of metconazole (0.2 and 2 mu g/L), isoproturon (0.1 and 1 mu g/L), or both in a mixture (0.2 and 0.1 mu g/L, respectively). Exposure to trace levels of pesticides had no effect on the filtration rate, growth, and energy reserves of oysters. However, oysters exposed to metconazole and isoproturon showed an overactivation of the sensing-kinase AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPK alpha), a key enzyme involved in energy metabolism and more particularly glycolysis. In the meantime, these exposed oysters showed a decrease in hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activities, whereas 2-DE proteomic revealed that fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (F-1,6-BP), a key enzyme of gluconeogenesis, was upregulated. Activities of antioxidant enzymes were higher in oysters exposed to the highest pesticide concentrations. Both pesticides enhanced the superoxide dismutase activity of oysters. Isoproturon enhanced catalase activity, and metconazole enhanced peroxiredoxin activity. Overall, our results show that environmental concentrations of metconazole or isoproturon induced subtle changes in the energy and antioxidant metabolisms of oysters
Proteomic signatures of the oyster metabolic response to herpesvirus OsHV-1 ÎŒVar infection
International audiencePacific oyster Crassostrea gigas were inoculated with OsHV-1 at low load (control) or high load (challenged) to better understand the pathogenesis of ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1 mu Var) and to determine which metabolic pathways might be affected during infection. Animals were sampled for proteomic analysis two days post-injection, at the same time as OsHV-1 initiated an intense replication phase in challenged oysters. Twenty-five abundant protein spots that showed a marked change in accumulated levels were identified using a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) proteomic approach. Overall, these proteins are involved in cytoskeleton organization, protein turnover, induction of stress signals, signalling pathways and energy metabolism. Challenged oysters exhibited an increased glycolysis and VDAC accumulation, which reflect a âWarburg effectâ as initially reported in cancer cells and more recently in shrimp infected with virus. The results presented here should be useful for identifying potential biomarkers of disease resistance and developing antiviral measures. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
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