Transformaciones y retos de la educación en las artes y los diseños (tomo 2)

394 páginas.Libro con diversas muestras de la labor, el pulso, las formas y caminos resolutivos que asumieron los docentes frente a contextos de complejidad en el marco de la educación superior en las artes y los diseños, que buscó la profesionalización de los estudiantes frente a la emergencia de la pandemia Covid-19 yendo más allá y proponiendo mecanismos de creatividad, flexibilidad académica, colaboración y motivación educativa. Aparecen en las investigaciones no solo respuestas y experiencias, sino nuevos planteamientos para una perspectiva futura, necesarios en las transformaciones para las próximas décadas que deberán vivirse en los planes y programas de estudio, los sistemas de evaluación, la formación docente, el perfil y las competencias digitales de los estudiantes, entre otros aspectos. Y a propósito de estas reflexiones, también se plantea un escenario sobre ¿a dónde queremos o debemos llegar en la educación en artes y diseño? Cabe señalar que los aportes de estos textos provienen del ámbito de la educación superior pública en México, que se rige bajo los principios generales de libertad de cátedra para los docentes, y este factor resulta fundamental para poder observar justamente la toma de decisiones, adecuaciones, movilidad y flexibilidad para las adecuaciones curriculares y también en los procesos de enseñanza- aprendizaje que se exponen, resultando un componente central para pensar en contextos de emergencia y complejidad y en los escenarios futuros de la educación en las artes, diseños y en todos los ámbitos del conocimiento.Coordinadoras: Alma Elisa Delgado Coellar, Juana Cecilia Angeles Cañedo & Daniela Velázquez Ruí

The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning

This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies.Comment: 5th version as accepted to PASP; 31 pages, 18 figures; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/acb29

Identification of carbon dioxide in an exoplanet atmosphere

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key chemical species that is found in a wide range of planetary atmospheres. In the context of exoplanets, CO2 is an indicator of the metal enrichment (that is, elements heavier than helium, also called ‘metallicity’), and thus the formation processes of the primary atmospheres of hot gas giants. It is also one of the most promising species to detect in the secondary atmospheres of terrestrial exoplanets. Previous photometric measurements of transiting planets with the Spitzer Space Telescope have given hints of the presence of CO2, but have not yielded definitive detections owing to the lack of unambiguous spectroscopic identification. Here we present the detection of CO2 in the atmosphere of the gas giant exoplanet WASP-39b from transmission spectroscopy observations obtained with JWST as part of the Early Release Science programme. The data used in this study span 3.0–5.5 micrometres in wavelength and show a prominent CO2 absorption feature at 4.3 micrometres (26-sigma significance). The overall spectrum is well matched by one-dimensional, ten-times solar metallicity models that assume radiative–convective–thermochemical equilibrium and have moderate cloud opacity. These models predict that the atmosphere should have water, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide in addition to CO2, but little methane. Furthermore, we also tentatively detect a small absorption feature near 4.0 micrometres that is not reproduced by these models

Evolución de la Resistencia a los antibióticos en una zona rural de Ecuador

Antibiotic resistance (ABR) remains one of the most significant global health concerns to date. ABR in the Americas, specifically, represents one of the highest concerns with regard to types of antibiotic resistance and overall rates. We initiated an analysis of overall rates of ABR from patient collected bacterial isolates in a previously unreported region of rural Ecuador from 2017-2018. 907 total clinical isolates were collected between January 2017 to December 2018 and assessed for resistance to 33 different antibiotic compounds. More than half of the isolates tested were resistant to ampicillin (79.8%), ampicillin/Sulbactam (57.5%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (62.6%) on Enterobacteriaceae and oxacillin (55.4%) on Staphylococcus aureus. Across all bacterial isolated from 2017 to 2018, 11 of the 33 antibiotics tested showed a significant increase in resistance. Our analysis identifies evidence of high ABR rates in rural Ecuador, which is likely to be a significant underappreciated contributor to the global persistence of resistant bacterial infections.La resistencia a los antibióticos sigue siendo uno de los más importantes problemas de salud global a la fecha. La resistencia a los antibióticos en América Latina, representa uno de los grandes retos de la medicina actual debido a los diversos mecanismos de resistencia bacteriana y el incremento de los mismos a nivel mundial. Analizamos las tasas de resistencia a los antibióticos en aislamientos bacterianos de pacientes que asistieron a dos hospitales de la región rural de Ecuador desde el año 2017 hasta el año 2018. Un total de 907 cultivos bacterianos fueron analizados, los cuales se obtuvieron desde el 1 de enero 2017 al 31 de diciembre 2018 y se evaluaron frente a 33 tipos de antibióticos diferentes. Más de la mitad de los aislamientos donde se identificaron enterobacterias, fueron resistentes a ampicilina (79.8%), ampicilina/sulbactam (57.5%), amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico (62.6%). El Staphylococcus aureus presentó (55.4%) de resistencia a la oxacilina. Se concluye que existen altas tasas de resistencia a los antibióticos en zonas rurales del Ecuador, que siguen los patrones mundiales de resistencia ya publicados, y que tanto los médicos como los sistemas de salud deberían tomar en cuenta al crear normativas y políticas para el uso racional de antibióticos

Knowledge and Opinions of French Dental Students in Operative Dentistry - Management of Deep Carious Lesions

International audiencePurpose: A questionnaire survey was recently undertaken among French dental students (FDSs) to investigate their practices, knowledge and opinions in various domains of minimal intervention (MI) in cariology. The present work focuses on management of deep carious lesions (DCLs). Materials and Methods: The questionnaire was administered (Spring 2018) to all the fifth-year students of the 16 French dental schools. Descriptive analyses were performed. Results: Among 1370 FDSs (response rate: 84.5%), hardness was the most commonly reported criterion for assessing the endpoint of carious tissue removal (53.9%), followed by firm dentin (40.0%). Regarding FDSs' opinion of leaving carious dentine under a restoration, 41.9% of the respondents agreed that carious tissues should always be removed completely. For an asymptomatic tooth with DCLs and exposed pulp, direct pulp capping was mainly chosen (93.9%). In a clinical case correctly diagnosed as a reversible pulpitis by 79.7% of respondents, nearly half of FDSs chose a one-step complete excavation (48.3%) followed by selective excavation (25.1%), then two-step complete excavation (20.9%) and a minority (5.7%) opted for pulpal therapy (biopulpotomy or endodontic treatment). Conclusion: The present results suggest an inadequate dissemination of MI concepts among FDSs towards DCL management. The present results show the need for a harmonisation and a reinforcement of teaching evidence-based MI according to the latest European recommendations

Knowledge and Opinions of French Dental Students Toward Occlusal and Proximal Restorative Thresholds.

International audienceTo investigate the practices, knowledge and opinions of French dental students (FDSs) in various domains of minimal intervention (MI) in cariology

Knowledge and opinions of French dental students related to caries risk assessment and dental sealants (preventive and therapeutic)

Objectives - A national questionnaire study was performed to document knowledge and opinions of French dental students (FDSs) about minimal intervention (MI) in dentistry especially caries risk assessment (CRA) and dental sealants (DSs). Materials and methods - A questionnaire was administered to the fifth-year dental FDSs (n = 1370) from the 16 French dental schools. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed. Results - The response rate was 84.5%. A large majority of respondents (87.8%) linked MI with minimally invasive dentistry and 77.4% considered MI as a concept based on prevention. About 80% stated they use CRA in clinical practice, mostly without any specific form. If 80.4% of the respondents would base their treatment plans on CRA, only 55.1% would regularly plan preventive regimens according to individual risk level. However, while 96.6% declared they perform preventive DSs, only 44.3% considered therapeutic sealants as a routine treatment. Although 75.1% of FDSs stated that they had sufficient learning and training related to CRA, 55.9% thought that they need further education about preventive and therapeutic DSs. Conclusion - Although FDSs seem to be aware of the importance of CRA and preventive strategies, this study shows the need to harmonize the teaching in cariology according to the latest European recommendations. Clinical relevance - A national questionnaire study showed variability towards knowledge and opinions of FDSs related to MI in cariology. This may impact care provisions in their future professional life showing the urgent need to harmonize the teaching of MI in cariology in France