69 research outputs found
Des bilans de phosphore majoritairement nĂ©gatifs pour les systĂšmes de grandes cultures biologiques sans Ă©levage en Midi-PyrĂ©nĂ©es. Quels impacts sur le phosphore biodisponible des sols et lâĂ©tat de nutrition des cultures ?
Soil phosphorus (P) fertility management in organic cropping systems is a debated issue in the general context of decreasing resources in a near future. A survey showed that in Midi-Pyrenees a majority of stockless organic cropping systems present overdrawn P balances. We investigated the impacts of P balances on the soil plant available P and nutrition status on the long-term field experiment of La Hourre (CREAB, Auch, France), which is representative of rainfed systems set on clayey calcareous soils. The changes in soil plant available P were monitored between 2002 and 2012 using P Olsen soil test. The results specified the declining rate of P availability in time and according to the amplitude of the negative balance. The levels of soil available P did not still lead to degradation of the crop P nutrition status; in this context, N inputs are low, so consequently crop P needs remain limited. However the problems associated with long term management of soil P fertility remain. Beyond the desirable scientific perspectives, we propose a first analysis of the factors on which it would be relevant to act in order to allow the farmers to improve their practices
MASC 2.0, un outil d'évaluation multicritÚre pour estimer la contribution des systÚmes de culture au développement durable
International audienceCurrent changes in the field of agriculture encourage stakeholders to envision new and moresustainable production methods. For this purpose, tools are needed to assess the proposed or newlydesigned solutions before they are taken to the fields and disseminated. MASC 2.0 is a multi-criteriaassessment tool designed to assess the performance of cropping systems in terms of theirsustainability. It was based on a decision support system (DEXi) which aggregates 39 qualitative criteriain a single tree. This tool applies to a wide range of situations. It can therefore be used to identify thebest cropping systems in a given territory (ex post assessment) or design prototypes of croppingsystems (ex ante assessment). Thanks to its flexibility, MASC 2.0 offers users the opportunity topropose their own vision of sustainable development by changing the weight given to each evaluationcriterion. Its friendly and simple interface makes this tool a privileged support for exchanges andmediation between researchers, extension workers, farmers, and public authorities. Its main drawbacksare the time spent to fill in all the criteria and the inherent limitations related to the given scale (croppingsystem) in relation to the larger scales more often used to handle sustainable development issues.Les changements actuels du contexte agricole encouragent les diffĂ©rents acteurs Ă rĂ©flĂ©chir Ă de nouveaux modes de production plus durables. Pour y parvenir, des outils sont nĂ©cessaires pour Ă©valuer les solutions identifiĂ©es ou nouvellement conçues avant leur expĂ©rimentation et leur diffusion. MASC 2.0 est un outil d'Ă©valuation multicritĂšre des performances des systĂšmes de cultures assolĂ©es du point de vue de leur contribution au dĂ©veloppement durable. Il a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© sur un logiciel d'aide Ă la dĂ©cision DEXi qui agrĂšge dans une arborescence les 39 critĂšres qualitatifs retenus pour l'Ă©valuation. MASC 2.0 peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ© pour repĂ©rer les systĂšmes actuels les plus performants dans un contexte donnĂ© (Ă©valuation a posteriori). Il permet aussi de classer des systĂšmes de culture conçus par prototypage (Ă©valuation a priori). Par sa flexibilitĂ©, MASC 2.0 offre la possibilitĂ© aux utilisateurs de dĂ©cliner leur propre vision du dĂ©veloppement durable en modifiant le poids accordĂ© Ă chaque critĂšre d'Ă©valuation. L'interface du modĂšle, conviviale et simple d'utilisation, en fait un support d'Ă©changes et de mĂ©diation privilĂ©giĂ© entre chercheurs, conseillers agricoles, agriculteurs et pouvoirs publics. Ses principaux inconvĂ©nients rĂ©sident dans le temps nĂ©cessaire pour renseigner tous les critĂšres et dans les limites intrinsĂšques liĂ©es Ă l'Ă©chelle considĂ©rĂ©e pour traiter des questions de dĂ©veloppement durable, souvent abordĂ©es Ă des Ă©chelles plus larges
Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis
Background: Infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria are threatening modern health care. However, estimating their incidence, complications, and attributable mortality is challenging. We aimed to estimate the burden of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria of public health concern in countries of the EU and European Economic Area (EEA) in 2015, measured in number of cases, attributable deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).
Methods: We estimated the incidence of infections with 16 antibiotic resistanceâbacterium combinations from European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) 2015 data that was country-corrected for population coverage. We multiplied the number of bloodstream infections (BSIs) by a conversion factor derived from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control point prevalence survey of health-care-associated infections in European acute care hospitals in 2011â12 to estimate the number of non-BSIs. We developed disease outcome models for five types of infection on the basis of systematic reviews of the literature.
Findings: From EARS-Net data collected between Jan 1, 2015, and Dec 31, 2015, we estimated 671â689 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 583â148â763â966) infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, of which 63·5% (426â277 of 671â689) were associated with health care. These infections accounted for an estimated 33â110 (28â480â38â430) attributable deaths and 874â541 (768â837â989â068) DALYs. The burden for the EU and EEA was highest in infants (aged <1 year) and people aged 65 years or older, had increased since 2007, and was highest in Italy and Greece.
Interpretation: Our results present the health burden of five types of infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria expressed, for the first time, in DALYs. The estimated burden of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and EEA is substantial compared with that of other infectious diseases, and has increased since 2007. Our burden estimates provide useful information for public health decision-makers prioritising interventions for infectious diseases
Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with critical influenza pneumonia
In an international cohort of 279 patients with hypoxemic influenza pneumonia, we identified 13 patients (4.6%) with autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-alpha and/or -omega, which were previously reported to underlie 15% cases of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia and one third of severe adverse reactions to live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) can underlie critical COVID-19 pneumonia and yellow fever vaccine disease. We report here on 13 patients harboring autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 alone (five patients) or with IFN-omega (eight patients) from a cohort of 279 patients (4.7%) aged 6-73 yr with critical influenza pneumonia. Nine and four patients had antibodies neutralizing high and low concentrations, respectively, of IFN-alpha 2, and six and two patients had antibodies neutralizing high and low concentrations, respectively, of IFN-omega. The patients' autoantibodies increased influenza A virus replication in both A549 cells and reconstituted human airway epithelia. The prevalence of these antibodies was significantly higher than that in the general population for patients 70 yr of age (3.1 vs. 4.4%, P = 0.68). The risk of critical influenza was highest in patients with antibodies neutralizing high concentrations of both IFN-alpha 2 and IFN-omega (OR = 11.7, P = 1.3 x 10(-5)), especially those <70 yr old (OR = 139.9, P = 3.1 x 10(-10)). We also identified 10 patients in additional influenza patient cohorts. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs account for similar to 5% of cases of life-threatening influenza pneumonia in patients <70 yr old
Le magnesium : bases disponibles pour l'elaboration d'un systeme de recommandation de fumure
National audienc
Le LIAT : logiciel d'interpretation des analyses de terre. Intentions et definition du projet
National audienc
La mise au point dâun modĂšle dâĂ©valuation multicritĂšre qualitatif de systĂšmes de culture. Calibrage par les utilisateurs finaux avant mise en application
Les systĂšmes de cultures sont des systĂšmes de production agricole auxquels sont assignĂ©s de multiple fonctionnalitĂ©s et contraintes qui relĂšvent des diffĂ©rentes dimensions de la durabilitĂ©. LâĂ©valuation intĂ©grĂ©e de leurs performances vis-Ă -vis des unes et des autres repose sur un modĂšle dâĂ©valuation multicritĂšre prĂ©alablement mis au point. Ce document expose une procĂ©dure itĂ©rative simple de calibrage dâun modĂšle dâĂ©valuation de systĂšme de culture implĂ©mentĂ© avec la technologie MCDA DEXi. Le calibrage est Ă mettre en oeuvre Ă lâissue de la dĂ©marche de dĂ©veloppement et de paramĂ©trage du modĂšle par un collectif de travail dĂ©sireux de lâutiliser. Il rĂ©pond au besoin des praticiens de vĂ©rifier si le modĂšle constitue bien une aide Ă lâĂ©valuation au-delĂ de la facilitation opĂ©rationnelle, en produisant des diagnostics qui viennent enrichir leur propre reprĂ©sentation de la durabilitĂ© des systĂšmes de culture
La mise au point dâun modĂšle dâĂ©valuation multicritĂšre qualitatif de systĂšmes de culture. Calibrage par les utilisateurs finaux avant mise en application
Les systĂšmes de cultures sont des systĂšmes de production agricole auxquels sont assignĂ©s de multiple fonctionnalitĂ©s et contraintes qui relĂšvent des diffĂ©rentes dimensions de la durabilitĂ©. LâĂ©valuation intĂ©grĂ©e de leurs performances vis-Ă -vis des unes et des autres repose sur un modĂšle dâĂ©valuation multicritĂšre prĂ©alablement mis au point. Ce document expose une procĂ©dure itĂ©rative simple de calibrage dâun modĂšle dâĂ©valuation de systĂšme de culture implĂ©mentĂ© avec la technologie MCDA DEXi. Le calibrage est Ă mettre en oeuvre Ă lâissue de la dĂ©marche de dĂ©veloppement et de paramĂ©trage du modĂšle par un collectif de travail dĂ©sireux de lâutiliser. Il rĂ©pond au besoin des praticiens de vĂ©rifier si le modĂšle constitue bien une aide Ă lâĂ©valuation au-delĂ de la facilitation opĂ©rationnelle, en produisant des diagnostics qui viennent enrichir leur propre reprĂ©sentation de la durabilitĂ© des systĂšmes de culture
- âŠ