Optimization of transgenesis conditions for the generation of CXCL2-luciferase reporter mice line

Background: Transgenesis by microinjection has been widely used for the generation of different mouse models. Different variables of the procedure may critically affect the efficiency of the process. A DNA construction that carries the CXCL2 promoter gene and firefly luciferase has been used to optimize aspects of the procedure. Three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 4.0 ng/μl) of the DNA construction to microinject a total of 1981 zygotes has been tested. Intact/injected embryos, pregnancy and birth rate, survival of pups 7 days after birth, number of transgenic pups and overall transgenic efficiency was registered and analyzed by Z test of proportions for each group. Results: A total of seven transgenic founders were detected for the three DNA concentrations used, 1 in 46 alive pups in the 0.5 ng/μl group, 5 in 38 alive pups in the 1 ng/μl group and 1 in 21 alive pups in the 4 ng/μl group (p < 0.1). The overall transgenic efficiency was higher for the 1 ng/μl concentration, with a transgenic rate of 13.2%. Conclusions: In conclusion, we have selected the best operative conditions to maximize the transgenesis efficiency. Furthermore, the transgenic lines developed could be used as a reporter model of innate immunity activation with many different applications in the fields of immunology, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

Optimization of transgenesis conditions for the generation of CXCL2-luciferase reporter mice line

Background: Transgenesis by microinjection has been widely used for the generation of different mouse models. Different variables of the procedure may critically affect the efficiency of the process. A DNA construction that carries the CXCL2 promoter gene and firefly luciferase has been used to optimize aspects of the procedure. Three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 4.0 ng/μl) of the DNA construction to microinject a total of 1981 zygotes has been tested. Intact/injected embryos, pregnancy and birth rate, survival of pups 7 days after birth, number of transgenic pups and overall transgenic efficiency was registered and analyzed by Z test of proportions for each group. Results: A total of seven transgenic founders were detected for the three DNA concentrations used, 1 in 46 alive pups in the 0.5 ng/μl group, 5 in 38 alive pups in the 1 ng/μl group and 1 in 21 alive pups in the 4 ng/μl group (p < 0.1). The overall transgenic efficiency was higher for the 1 ng/μl concentration, with a transgenic rate of 13.2%. Conclusions: In conclusion, we have selected the best operative conditions to maximize the transgenesis efficiency. Furthermore, the transgenic lines developed could be used as a reporter model of innate immunity activation with many different applications in the fields of immunology, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

Optimization of transgenesis conditions for the generation of CXCL2-luciferase reporter mice line

Background: Transgenesis by microinjection has been widely used for the generation of different mouse models. Different variables of the procedure may critically affect the efficiency of the process. A DNA construction that carries the CXCL2 promoter gene and firefly luciferase has been used to optimize aspects of the procedure. Three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 4.0 ng/μl) of the DNA construction to microinject a total of 1981 zygotes has been tested. Intact/injected embryos, pregnancy and birth rate, survival of pups 7 days after birth, number of transgenic pups and overall transgenic efficiency was registered and analyzed by Z test of proportions for each group. Results: A total of seven transgenic founders were detected for the three DNA concentrations used, 1 in 46 alive pups in the 0.5 ng/μl group, 5 in 38 alive pups in the 1 ng/μl group and 1 in 21 alive pups in the 4 ng/μl group (p < 0.1). The overall transgenic efficiency was higher for the 1 ng/μl concentration, with a transgenic rate of 13.2%. Conclusions: In conclusion, we have selected the best operative conditions to maximize the transgenesis efficiency. Furthermore, the transgenic lines developed could be used as a reporter model of innate immunity activation with many different applications in the fields of immunology, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

Propuesta estratégica de mejora en la implementación de los estándares mínimos del Sistema de Gestión de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SG-SST) en la empresa Bancamia S.A sede Chía para el segundo semestre del 2019 y principios del 2020.

Matriz de evaluación del Sistema de Gestión en Seguridad y Salud en el trabajoPropuesta estratégica de mejora en la implementación de los estándares mínimos del sistema de gestión de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo (sg-sst) en la empresa bancamia s.a sede chía para el segundo semestre del 2019 y principios del 2020.Strategic proposal to improve the implementation of the minimum standards of the management system of occupational safety and health (sg-sst) in the company bancamia s.a headquarters for the second half of 2019 and the beginning of 2020

Caracterización de cepas mexicanas de bacillus thuringiensis tóxicas para larva de lepidópteros y coleópteros

Se caracterizaron las cepas de Bacillus thuringiensis C-4, C-9, GM-7, y GM-10, que fueron asiladas del noreste de México, y seleccionadas por su alta toxicidad contra lepidópteros y coleópteros de importancia agrícola, siguiendo las guías de la Agencia de Protección del Medio Ambiente (EPA) de los Estados Unidos de Norte América. La serotipificación reveló que ninguna de las cepas estudiadas produjo β-exotoxina o fue activa contra mosquitos. Se encontró que GM-7 y GM-10 fueron sensibles a los fagos R-41 y CP-51. Todas las cepas sintetizaron proteínas del cristal de 130–140 kDa. Las cepas C-4, GM-7, y GM-16 10 expresaron genes cry1, y la C-9 expresó los genes cry3 y cry7/8. Además, se observó que sólo la δ-endotoxina (cristal) de C4 y C9, solas o en combinación con esporas, causaron necrosis tisular cuando se inyectaron subcutáneamente, y ésta fue similar a la causada por la cepa productora de β-exotoxina HD-41. Esta necrosis se suprimió significativamente con el uso de pentoxifilina, que es un inhibidor de la producción de factor de necrosis tumoral-α, lo cual sugirió que esta citosina estuvo involucrada en el efecto observado. Los resultados demuestran que las cepas GM-7 y GM-10 son seguras para mamíferos de acuerdo a los lineamientos de la EPA. Además, se discute el potencial de la cepa C-9 para el control de varios coleópteros de importancia agrícola, y la inducción de necrosis tisular en ratones por C-4 y C-9

Las estrategias de aprendizaje y el desarrollo de la habilidad de escritura durante el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje del idioma Español como segunda lengua

La enseñanza-aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera es un proceso muy complejo en el que intervienen factores cognitivos, afectivos y sociales que determinan su desarrollo. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir la utilización de las estrategias de aprendizaje de escritura y su relación con el desarrollo de esta habilidad durante el proceso de adquisición del idioma español como segunda lengua en un grupo de estudiantes que cursan la preparatoria en la Universidad de Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. Los resultados obtenidos muestran el poco uso de las estrategias de aprendizaje de escritura por parte del estudiantado en la preparatoria, debido, fundamentalmente, al desconocimiento que tiene de las mismas, lo que incide en el bajo nivel de desarrollo de la habilidad de escritura. Este resultado nos lleva a declarar la necesidad de que el profesorado comprenda que el uso de determinadas estrategias es especialmente importante durante el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje ya que constituyen herramientas básicas para el desarrollo de sus competencias

Reflections Magazine of the Faculty of Education. Volume 2 No. 2 December 1989

Educación y sociedad es el núcleo temático del presente numero de Reflexiones. En él destacamos una actividad académico cultural ya institucionalizada en la Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga: La 3a. Jornada Pedagógica que en esta ocasión Se centró en el análisis de la situación de violencia del país y el compromiso del educador frente a ella. De la variada programación de tres días hemos rescatado importante material para esta publicación; es el caso de las caricaturas que expuso Wilson D. León Carreño, estudiante de comunicación Social, que ilustran éste y sucesivos números de la publicación.Education and society is the thematic core of this number of Reflections. In it we highlight an academic activity Cultural already institutionalized in the Autonomous University of Bucaramanga: The 3rd. Pedagogical Day that on this occasion It focused on the analysis of the situation of violence in the country and the educator's commitment to it. From the varied programming of three days we have rescued important material for this publication; This is the case of the cartoons exhibited by Wilson D. León Carreño, a student of Social Communication, which illustrate this and successive issues of the publication.Modalidad Presencia

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Research report

Considerando al Educador Pre-escolar, como un personaje desconocido en gran parte dentro del sistema educativo y por consiguiente, poco valorado se vio la necesidad de explorar sobre las funciones que realiza y/o puede realizar este educador en programas de atención a niños menores de siete años con participación comunitaria en sectores populares de Bucaramanga y su Área Metropolitana. Así como relacionar lo que él esta haciendo con el tipo de formación académica que recibió. A partir del problema planteado: ¿Cómo se desempeña el Educador Pre-escolar en programas de atención a niños menores de siete años con participación comunitaria en sectores populares de Bucaramanga y su área Metropolitana?, se estructuró el marco teórico que compren comprende los siguientes aspectos: Desempeño del Educador Preescolar en programas de atención a niños menores de siete años con participación comunitaria en sectores populares de Bucaramanga y su Área Metropolitana.Considering the Preschool Educator as a largely unknown character within the educational system and, therefore, undervalued, there was a need to explore the functions he/she performs and/or can perform therefore, little valued, it was necessary to explore the functions that this educator performs and/or can perform in programs for children under seven years of age with community participation in popular sectors of Bucaramanga and its Metropolitan Area. This educator in programs of attention to children under seven years of age with community participation in popular sectors of Bucaramanga and its Metropolitan Area. As well as to relate what he is doing with the type of academic training he received. Based on the problem posed: How does the preschool educator perform in care programs for children under seven years of age with community participation in popular sectors of Bucaramanga and its Metropolitan Area, the theoretical framework was structured to include the following aspects: Performance of the Preschool Educator in care programs for children under seven years of age with community participation in popular sectors of Bucaramanga and its Metropolitan Area.Modalidad Presencia