Les incitations à l'innovation dans le secteur privé

L'innovation est devenue un facteur clé de croissance économique. La question des incitations à l'innovation au sein des entreprises est donc primordiale. Dans ce papier, nous nous intéressons au type d'incitations monétaires reçues par les inventeurs au sein des entreprises avec une attention particulière à la mobilité inter-firme de ces derniers. Les résultats montrent un rendement salarial positif pour les inventeurs, celui-ci est plus important pour les inventeurs ayant connu une mobilité inter-firme, ce qui pourrait suggérer que les entreprises soient prêtes à payer les connaissances acquises par les inventeurs au sein des autres entreprises. Par contre, l'utilisation de stock-options comme incitation pour les inventeurs semble moins répandue dans les entreprises françaises que dans les entreprises étrangères.Incitation ; Innovation ; Entreprise ; Secteur privé ; R&D

French Engineering Graduates in Corporate R & D : Is it worthwhile ?

At the beginning of the 1990s, Beltramo, Bourdon and Paul presented a report for the French Commissariat au Plan on the prospect for the labour market for scientists, and other papers, which showed earnings differences between engineering graduates performing tasks in R&D or not (the first ones receiving 7% less than the others, other parameters taken into consideration). The objective of this paper is to assess to what extent, 15 years later, these results, which indicated lower earnings for researchers, is still valid. The data used in this study is similar to that in our former work. The data is generated from the survey launched each year (each two years until 2002) by the CNISF (Conseil National des Ingénieurs et des Scientifiques de France) amongst the engineering graduates, whatever their age and experience. Usually, around 40,000 engineers answer the questionnaire. In this paper, we used the data from the survey conducted in 2006 and we consider only engineers working in companies. Those employed by public administrations, universities or public research are not taken into account. Weights have been used to correct for the representation of the different schools and the different ages in the sample. In the first part of the study, earnings of engineers working in R&D will be compared with those of the other engineers. Using regression models, personal attributes will be considered (gender, degree, etc.). Specific attention will be devoted to differences in experience. The levels of responsibility which are implied by different types of activities will then be taken into consideration. In the last part of the paper, the satisfaction of engineers involved in R&D and other activities will be scrutinised.France ; R&D ; Graduates ; Labour market ; Earnings ; Scientists ; Engineers

Devenir chercheur ou enseignant chercheur : le goût pour la recherche des doctorants à l’épreuve du marché du travail

Faire une thèse pour devenir chercheur ou enseignant-chercheur est souvent considéré comme un parcours difficile dont le résultat est incertain. Plus que dans d’autres pays, les diplômés de doctorat en France connaissent de fortes difficultés de stabilisation sur le marché du travail. Notre recherche s’interroge sur les raisons qui conduisent les jeunes à obtenir un doctorat puis à choisir une carrière de chercheur ou d’enseignant-chercheur et enfin, à s’y stabiliser. À partir d’une enquête du Céreq, nos résultats montrent que l’intérêt pour la recherche qu’ils ont manifesté dès le début des études supérieures et le capital social vont fortement structurer leur parcours universitaire et professionnel. Cependant, les variables liées à la situation sur le marché du travail vont également influencer les décisions des jeunes.Doing a PhD to become a researcher or an assistant-professor is often considered as a difficult and risky career. In France, PhD graduates experience greater difficulties than in other OCDE countries to find a stable position in the labour market. Our research examines the reasons that lead young people to enroll in a doctoral program, to choose an academic career and finally, to find a tenured job. Using a survey implemented by the Cereq on university leavers, our results show that the “taste” for research they have when they enter in higher education and their social capital strongly influence their academic and professional careers. However, variables related to the general situation on the labor market will also influence young people’s trajectories

L’accompagnement au projet professionnel des demandeurs d’emploi éloignés de l’emploi au prisme du territoire

Introduction La Plan d’investissement des compétences (PIC) a été mis en place en 2018 pour une durée de cinq années pour un budget de 15 milliards d’euros. Le PIC a financé un ensemble de dispositifs nationaux mais également des dispositifs de formation mis en œuvre par les conseils régionaux, les Pactes régionaux d’investissement dans les compétences (PRIC). Le PIC se donne principalement quatre objectifs : « 1. stimuler l’engagement pour la formation des personnes les plus éloignées de l’e..

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe

Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Background End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection. Methods This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model. Results In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001). Conclusion Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone

Les incitations à l'innovation dans le secteur privé

L'innovation est devenue un facteur clé de croissance économique. La question des incitations à l'innovation au sein des entreprises est donc primordiale. Dans ce papier, nous nous intéressons au type d'incitations monétaires reçues par les inventeurs au sein des entreprises avec une attention particulière à la mobilité inter-firme de ces derniers. Les résultats montrent un rendement salarial positif pour les inventeurs, celui-ci est plus important pour les inventeurs ayant connu une mobilité inter-firme, ce qui pourrait suggérer que les entreprises soient prêtes à payer les connaissances acquises par les inventeurs au sein des autres entreprises. Par contre, l'utilisation de stock-options comme incitation pour les inventeurs semble moins répandue dans les entreprises françaises que dans les entreprises étrangères

La professionnalisation de l'enseignement supérieur : pour quelle(s) employabilité(s) ?

International audienc