Elementy diachroniczne w synchronicznym opisie estońskiej fleksji nominalnej

The present paper aims to demonstrate the synchronic inadequacy for the description of modern Estonian nominal flexion of such notions as: (i) lõpumuutus, lõpuvaheldus ‘alternation of final sound(s) (of the stem of a word)’, and (ii) astmevaheldus ‘gradation’ in the shape proposed by Estonian linguistis. The first seems to be founded only on diachronic relations resulting from the vanishing of final sound(s) of the stem of the historical Nom Sg and historical endings of Gen Sg (*-n), Acc Sg (*‑m) and partially Part Sg (*-ta, *-tä). According to the approach discussed in the present paper, this notion is not relevant to contemporary Estonian. Its existence in Estonian linguistics interferes with the recognition of new endings of Gen Sg, (Acc Sg) and partially Part Sg, which seem to have originated because of the aforementioned changes, taking some substance from primarily non-functional final sound(s) of the historical Nom Sg. The meaning of the notion of astmevaheldus ‘gradation’, on the other hand, seems to be subject to constant restriction in modern Estonian linguistics in order not to exceed the scope of its quantitative and distributive historical properties. However its new functional burden, which consists in distinguishing between certain grammatical meanings like Gen Sg (for example lõpu ‘of the end’) and Part Sg (for example lõppu ‘the end’), and its substantial manifestations based primarily on quantitative distinctions (for example /p/ vs. /pp/) makes it equivalent to certain phenomena which are not classed as gradation from the diachronic point of view (for example, historical gemination in short forms of Illat Sg, such as jõkke ‘to the river’). In the present paper I propose expanding the meaning of the notion of astmevaheldus ‘gradation’. Such expansion seems to be conditioned in contemporary Estonian by the substantial and functional homogeneity of phenomena which are and are not classed as astmevaheldus from the diachronic point of view. In the present approach astmevaheldus is a ternary opposition in Estonian. The present paper aims to demonstrate the synchronic inadequacy for the description of modern Estonian nominal flexion of such notions as: (i) lõpumuutus, lõpuvaheldus ‘alternation of final sound(s) (of the stem of a word)’, and (ii) astmevaheldus ‘gradation’ in the shape proposed by Estonian linguistis. The first seems to be founded only on diachronic relations resulting from the vanishing of final sound(s) of the stem of the historical Nom Sg and historical endings of Gen Sg (*-n), Acc Sg (*‑m) and partially Part Sg (*-ta, *-tä). According to the approach discussed in the present paper, this notion is not relevant to contemporary Estonian. Its existence in Estonian linguistics interferes with the recognition of new endings of Gen Sg, (Acc Sg) and partially Part Sg, which seem to have originated because of the aforementioned changes, taking some substance from primarily non-functional final sound(s) of the historical Nom Sg. The meaning of the notion of astmevaheldus ‘gradation’, on the other hand, seems to be subject to constant restriction in modern Estonian linguistics in order not to exceed the scope of its quantitative and distributive historical properties. However its new functional burden, which consists in distinguishing between certain grammatical meanings like Gen Sg (for example lõpu ‘of the end’) and Part Sg (for example lõppu ‘the end’), and its substantial manifestations based primarily on quantitative distinctions (for example /p/ vs. /pp/) makes it equivalent to certain phenomena which are not classed as gradation from the diachronic point of view (for example, historical gemination in short forms of Illat Sg, such as jõkke ‘to the river’). In the present paper I propose expanding the meaning of the notion of astmevaheldus ‘gradation’. Such expansion seems to be conditioned in contemporary Estonian by the substantial and functional homogeneity of phenomena which are and are not classed as astmevaheldus from the diachronic point of view. In the present approach astmevaheldus is a ternary opposition in Estonian.

An Examination of the Perennial Linguistic Dichotomies: Analogy–Anomaly, Form–Meaning, Paradigmatic–Syntagmatic, Synchrony–Diachrony in Contemporary Hungarian Case Grammar

Po oswobodzeniu się w XIX wieku językoznawstwa węgierskiego z hamującego antyczno-średniowiecznego paradygmatu deskryptywnego, dogmatyzyjącego właściwości łaciny jako wszechobowiązujące, gramatycy węgierscy wydają się niestrudzenie ukuwać następną doktrynę zaciemniającą pewne istotne właściwości struktury semantycznej, morfosyntaktycznej i morfologicznej języka węgierskiego. Casus kontrowersyjnego tzw. biernika bezkońcówkowego (por. Várom a fiam ‘Oczekuję swojego syna’) posłużył do ujawnienia ich inklinacji metodologicznych polegających na wyraźnym faworyzowaniu podejścia analogicznego, formalnego, paradygmatycznego i (implicytnie) diachronizującego, kosztem zrównoważonego – zdaniem autora artykułu bardziej adekwatnego – podejścia uwzględniającego także zjawiska anomalne, semantyczne, syntagmatyczne i czysto synchroniczneAfter the liberation of Hungarian linguistics in the 19th century from the restrictive descriptive paradigm of ancient and mediaeval times, dogmatizing the properties of the Latin language as omni-valid, Hungarian gram-marians seem to have gone on to adopt another doctrine that obscured certain essential properties of the semantic, morpho-syntactic and morphological structure of the Hungarian language. The case of the controversial so-called endingless accusative (cf. Várom a fiam ‘I am expecting my son’) reveals their methodological inclinations, which evidently favored an analogical, formal, paradigmatic and (implicitly) diachronizing approach at the expense of a balanced – and in the view of the author of this article more suitable – approach which would also take account of anomalous, semantic, syntagmatic and purely synchronic phenomena

Polymer-Brush Lubrication in Oil: Sliding Beyond the Stribeck Curve

We report a highly effective macroscopic, non-aqueous lubrication strategy, employing polymer-brush-based surface modification. Poly(alkyl methacrylates) with hexyl, dodecyl and octadecyl side chains have been prepared on both silicon and iron substrates by means of surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerisation. Frictional properties of the three polymers have been evaluated in hexadecane, ethanol and toluene. For the case of the poly(dodecyl methacrylate), the study additionally involved nine base lubricating fluids of different chemical natures, with viscosities ranging from 4 to 2,200cSt at 20°C. By constructing a set of Stribeck curves at low values of speed×viscosity (at constant load), it was possible to identify an extended hydrodynamic lubrication regime and, for P12MA-based coatings, a low-friction, brush-lubrication regime, reinforced by time-dependant effects, which appeared to replace the mixed and boundary regimes observed for conventional lubricants. Self-mated poly(dodecyl methacrylate) brushes maintained low coefficient-of-friction values (e.g. 0.012 in hexadecane) over thousands of reciprocating cycles (>100m total distance) under low speed×viscosity conditions (0.1cm/s and 4cSt

Ultrathin, Oil-Compatible, Lubricious Polymer Coatings: A Comparison of Grafting-To and Grafting-From Strategies

A grafting-to approach is described as a means of fabricating ultrathin, oil-compatible, friction-reducing coatings. The tribological properties of grafted-to coatings of poly(dodecyl methacrylate) (P12MA), prepared by means of a photoactivated perfluorophenylazide adhesion promoter, were compared with those of grafted-from coatings of the same polymer of comparable molecular weight, prepared via surface-initiated, atom-transfer radical polymerisation. It was shown that in a sub-hydrodynamic regime (i.e. boundary/brush lubrication), both coating types can be equivalently effective, exhibiting very low friction coefficients (0.02) against a bare silica countersurface with no detectable wear over the duration of the test (around 1,000 cycles, and maximal Hertzian contact pressure ca 170MPa as calculated for a bare-bare configuration), providing that sufficiently viscous base lubricants are employe

Język estoński dla początkujących. Teksty i gramatyka

Ucząc się języka estońskiego przed wyjazdem do Estonii oraz już podczas pracy na Uniwersytecie w Tartu spostrzegłem, iż większość podręczników do nauki tego języka przeznaczona jest zasadniczo dla dwóch typów odbiorców Ugrofinów lub Rosjan, którzy na co dzień stykają się z językami ugrofińskimi. Materiał gramatyczny wprowadzany jest w nich dosyć szybko oraz brak jest w nich wyczerpujących komentarzy objaśniających. Podejście takie w dużej mierze umożliwia podobieństwo struktury gramatycznej języków ojczystych uczących się do struktury języka estońskiego, jeżeli mowa o Ugrofinach, lub też znaczne obycie z językiem estońskim, jeżeli mowa o Rosjanach mieszkających w Estonii. Jasne stało się dla mnie, iż Polacy chcący poznać język estoński znajdują się w mniej korzystnej sytuacji właśnie ze względu na brak podręcznika przeznaczonego dla nich. Postanowiłem więc napisać podręcznik, który sprostałby tym wymaganiom

New data on introduced and rare synanthropic spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) in Poland (II)

Over the last decades, a large number of introduced spider species (Araneae) has been noted in Europe. Some of these newcomers have been introduced incidentally. However, the others develop permanent populations, for example in greenhouses or botanical gardens, and become synanthropic species. Introduction and synanthropization of new spider species also occurs in Poland. New records presented herein extend the list of introduced arachnofauna by seven species: Aphantaulax trifasciata, Cheiracanthium furculatum, Cyrtophora citricola, Olios argelasius, Nurscia albomaculata, Phoneutria boliviensis and Triaeris stenaspis. In addition, new posts of rarely reported so far in Poland synanthropic spiders such as: Amaurobius ferox, A. similis, Cheiracanthium mildei, Hasarius adansoni, Holocnemus pluchei, Nesticella mogera, Psilochorus simoni, Pseudeuophrys lanigera, Scytodes thoracica and Uloborus plumipes are presented. The data complement the deployment of these species in Poland as well as indicate their potential expansion routes

Lubrication with Oil-Compatible Polymer Brushes

A polymer-brush-based, surface-modification strategy for friction and wear reduction in hard contact under boundary-lubrication conditions is proposed, specifically for a non-aqueous environment. Surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization was employed for the synthesis of three different oil-compatible, hydrophobic polymer brushes based on alkyl methacrylates. This study presents polymerization kinetics, chemical characterization by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and surface morphologies observed in atomic force microscopy. The lubrication properties of the anchored polymers were evaluated macroscopically by means of ball-on-disk methods and on the nanonewton scale by lateral force microscopy and showed significant reduction in friction up to contact pressures as high as 460MPa. The frictional response of surface-grafted polymers is shown to depend strongly on the compatibility of the polymer with the chosen lubricating flui

Progress and Poverty—1965 Version

The first hard X-ray laser, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), produces 120 shots per second. Particles injected into the X-ray beam are hit randomly and in unknown orientations by the extremely intense X-ray pulses, where the femtosecond-duration X-ray pulses diffract from the sample before the particle structure is significantly changed even though the sample is ultimately destroyed by the deposited X-ray energy. Single particle X-ray diffraction experiments generate data at the FEL repetition rate, resulting in more than 400,000 detector readouts in an hour, the data stream during an experiment contains blank frames mixed with hits on single particles, clusters and contaminants. The diffraction signal is generally weak and it is superimposed on a low but continually fluctuating background signal, originating from photon noise in the beam line and electronic noise from the detector. Meanwhile, explosion of the sample creates fragments with a characteristic signature. Here, we describe methods based on rapid image analysis combined with ion Time-of-Flight (ToF) spectroscopy of the fragments to achieve an efficient, automated and unsupervised sorting of diffraction data. The studies described here form a basis for the development of real-time frame rejection methods, e. g. for the European XFEL, which is expected to produce 100 million pulses per hour. (C)2014 Optical Society of Americ

IP storage : a performance and security study, LDRD 04-1021.

Effective, high-performance, networked file systems and storage is needed to solve I/O bottlenecks between large compute platforms. Frequently, parallel techniques such as PFTP, are employed to overcome the adverse effect of TCP's congestion avoidance algorithm in order to achieve reasonable aggregate throughput. These techniques can suffer from end-system bottlenecks due to the protocol processing overhead and memory copies involved in moving large amounts of data during I/O. Moreover, transferring data using PFTP requires manual operation, lacking the transparency to allow for interactive visualization and computational steering of large-scale simulations from distributed locations. This paper evaluates the emerging Internet SCSI (iSCSI) protocol [2] as the file/data transport in order that remote clients can transparently access data through a distributed global file system available to local clients. We started our work characterizing the performance behavior of iSCSI in Local Area Networks (LANs). We then proceeded to study the effect of propagation delay on throughput using remote iSCSI storage and explored optimization techniques to mitigate the adverse effects of long delay in high-bandwidth Wide Area Networks (WANs). Lastly, we evaluated iSCSI in a Storage Area Network (SAN) for a Global Parallel Filesystem. We conducted our benchmark based on typical usage model of large-scale scientific applications at Sandia. We demonstrated the benefit of high-performance parallel VO to scientific applications at the IEEE 2004 Supercomputing Conference, using experiences and knowledge gained from this study

Identification of genes expressed by immune cells of the colon that are regulated by colorectal cancer-associated variants.

A locus on human chromosome 11q23 tagged by marker rs3802842 was associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) in a genome-wide association study; this finding has been replicated in case-control studies worldwide. In order to identify biologic factors at this locus that are related to the etiopathology of CRC, we used microarray-based target selection methods, coupled to next-generation sequencing, to study 103 kb at the 11q23 locus. We genotyped 369 putative variants from 1,030 patients with CRC (cases) and 1,061 individuals without CRC (controls) from the Ontario Familial Colorectal Cancer Registry. Two previously uncharacterized genes, COLCA1 and COLCA2, were found to be co-regulated genes that are transcribed from opposite strands. Expression levels of COLCA1 and COLCA2 transcripts correlate with rs3802842 genotypes. In colon tissues, COLCA1 co-localizes with crystalloid granules of eosinophils and granular organelles of mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells and differentiated myeloid-derived cell lines. COLCA2 is present in the cytoplasm of normal epithelial, immune and other cell lineages, as well as tumor cells. Tissue microarray analysis demonstrates the association of rs3802842 with lymphocyte density in the lamina propria (p = 0.014) and levels of COLCA1 in the lamina propria (p = 0.00016) and COLCA2 (tumor cells, p = 0.0041 and lamina propria, p = 6 × 10(-5)). In conclusion, genetic, expression and immunohistochemical data implicate COLCA1 and COLCA2 in the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Histologic analyses indicate the involvement of immune pathways