Thinking about food in the public space

Beginning with the pioneering work of Roland Barthes (1961), the universe of food – cooking, food, rituals and practices linked to eating and drinking – has been the subject of many studies in the humanities and social sciences (hss). Anthropologists (Lévi-Strauss, 1964, 1966, 1968; Douglas, 1985), sociologists (Bourdieu, 1979; Certeau, 1980; Fischler, 1990; Poulain, 2002; Corbeau, Poulain, 2002; Bernard de Raymond, Parasie, 2005; Régnier and al., 2006), cultural historians (Flandrin, Montana..

A genome scan for milk production traits in dairy goats reveals two new mutations in <i>Dgat1</i> reducing milk fat content

The quantity of milk and milk fat and proteins are particularly important traits in dairy livestock. However, little is known about the regions of the genome that influence these traits in goats. We conducted a genome wide association study in French goats and identified 109 regions associated with dairy traits. For a major region on chromosome 14 closely associated with fat content, the Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) gene turned out to be a functional and positional candidate gene. The caprine reference sequence of this gene was completed and 29 polymorphisms were found in the gene sequence, including two novel exonic mutations: R251L and R396W, leading to substitutions in the protein sequence. The R251L mutation was found in the Saanen breed at a frequency of 3.5% and the R396W mutation both in the Saanen and Alpine breeds at a frequencies of 13% and 7% respectively. The R396W mutation explained 46% of the genetic variance of the trait, and the R251L mutation 6%. Both mutations were associated with a notable decrease in milk fat content. Their causality was then demonstrated by a functional test. These results provide new knowledge on the genetic basis of milk synthesis and will help improve the management of the French dairy goat breeding program

Author Correction:A genome scan for milk production traits in dairy goats reveals two new mutations in Dgat1 reducing milk fat content (Scientific Reports DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02052-0)

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VarGoats project : a dataset of 1159 whole-genome sequences to dissect Capra hircus global diversity

Since their domestication 10,500 years ago, goat populations with distinctive genetic backgrounds have adapted to a broad variety of environments and breeding conditions. The VarGoats project is an international 1000-genome resequencing program designed to understand the consequences of domestication and breeding on the genetic diversity of domestic goats and to elucidate how speciation and hybridization have modeled the genomes of a set of species representative of the genus Capra. A dataset comprising 652 sequenced goats and 507 public goat sequences, including 35 animals representing eight wild species, has been collected worldwide. We identified 74,274,427 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 13,607,850 insertion-deletions (InDels) by aligning these sequences to the latest version of the goat reference genome (ARS1). A Neighbor-joining tree based on Reynolds genetic distances showed that goats from Africa, Asia and Europe tend to group into independent clusters. Because goat breeds from Oceania and Caribbean (Creole) all derive from imported animals, they are distributed along the tree according to their ancestral geographic origin. We report on an unprecedented international effort to characterize the genome-wide diversity of domestic goats. This large range of sequenced individuals represents a unique opportunity to ascertain how the demographic and selection processes associated with post-domestication history have shaped the diversity of this species. Data generated for the project will also be extremely useful to identify deleterious mutations and polymorphisms with causal effects on complex traits, and thus will contribute to new knowledge that could be used in genomic prediction and genome-wide association studies

Биофизика зрительной сенсорной системы человека

Зрительная сенсорная система – это система, которая воспринимает излучение видимого спектра, после чего формируется изображение предметов окружающей среды в виде определенных ощущений (сенсорных чувств)

European Code against Cancer 4th Edition:Obesity, body fatness and cancer

AbstractIt is estimated that over half the population of the European Union (EU) is overweight or obese due to an imbalance between energy expenditure and energy intake; this is related to an obesogenic environment of sociocultural, economic and marketing challenges to the control of body weight. Excess body fat is associated with nine cancer sites – oesophagus, colorectum, gall bladder, pancreas, postmenopausal breast, endometrium, ovary, kidney and prostate (advanced) – and 4–38% of these cancers (depending on site and gender) can be attributed to overweight/obesity status. Metabolic alterations which accompany excess body weight are accompanied by increased levels of inflammation, insulin, oestrogens and other hormonal factors. There are some indications that intentional weight loss is associated with reduced cancer incidence (notably in postmenopausal breast and endometrial cancers). Excess body weight is also a risk factor for several other diseases, including diabetes and heart disease, and is related to higher risk of premature death.In reviewing the current evidence related to excess body fat and cancer, the European Code against Cancer Nutrition Working Group has developed the following recommendation: ‘Take action to be a healthy body weight’

Caractérisation, localisation et implications fonctionnelles de peptides de la superfamille de l'ocytocine/vasopressine chez la seiche, Sepia officinalis

La seiche avec ses facultés cognitives élaborées et son système nerveux hautement différencié constitue un modèle de choix pour des études de phylogénie moléculaire. L objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser des peptides apparentés à l ocytocine et à la vasopressine (peptides OT/VP) chez la seiche. Après avoir vérifié par immunohistochimie la présence de peptides OT/VP dans le système nerveux central (SNC), nous avons entrepris d effectuer une cartographie précise des immunomarquages. Au niveau moléculaire, nous avons pu cloner le précurseur d un peptide OT/VP. Une approche combinée de microdissection laser et de PCR quantitative nous a ensuite permis de déterminer les niveaux d expression de la molécule clonée au sein de chaque structure nerveuse. Ces deux études montrent que les peptides, matures ou immatures, sont localisés dans l ensemble du SNC, en particulier dans des structures impliquées dans divers types de comportement. Par ailleurs, une approche pharmacologique in vivo utilisant des peptides OT/VP a permis d établir le rôle de ces peptides dans les processus de consolidation mnésique d un apprentissage d évitement passif. Enfin, une étude ontogénétique a montré dès la naissance la présence de neurones immunoréactifs pour l OT, mais la maturation de ce système n est complète qu à partir de l âge de 2 mois. Ces résultats sont corrélés avec la mise en place de plusieurs comportements au cours du développement post-natal. L ensemble de ces travaux apporte les premières données neuroanatomiques, moléculaires, neurophysiologiques et développementales sur des peptides OT/VP chez un mollusque céphalopode décapode.The cuttlefish which exhibits elaborated cognitive abilities and highly developed nervous system is an ideal model for phylogenetic studies. The aim of this thesis is to characterize peptides related to the oxytocin and vasopressin (peptides OT/VP) in the cuttlefish. Firstly, we have investigated by immunohistochemistry the distribution of the peptides OT/VP in the central nervous system (CNS). On a molecular level, we have cloned a precursor of a peptide OT/VP. A combined approach using laser microdissection and quantitative PCR allowed us to determine the expression levels of the cloned molecule within each nervous structure. These two studies show that peptides, mature or immature, are located in the whole CNS, in particular in structures implicated in several behaviors. Besides, an in vivo pharmacological approach using peptides OT/VP allowed to establish the role of these molecules in mnesic consolidation processes of a passive avoidance task. Finally, a developmental study has shown the presence of OT-like immunoreactive neurons from birth, but the maturation of the system is completed at day 60. These results are correlated with the development of some behaviors, and suggest organizational effects for OT-like system during ontogenesis. All these works provide the first neuroanatomical, molecular, neurophysiological, and developmental data on peptides OT/VP in a decapod cephalopod mollusc.CAEN-BU Sciences et STAPS (141182103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Les NTIC dans les politiques régionales d'aménagement

This paper demonstrates the actions of regional governments with regard to the placing and the application of new information and communication technologies in the field of territorial organization. The analysis, which relies on a comparison made between four European regions, separates out the political, economic and cultural factors which contribute to the creation of the regional action. It highlights the main characteristics of the modes of intervention of the regional governments and shows, in some cases, the difficult situations which oblige the regions to adopt certain instrumental forms.L'objectif de cet article est de cerner l'émergence du pouvoir régional dans le domaine de l'application des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication à l'aménagement du territoire. S' appuyant sur une comparaison entre quatre régions d'Europe qui ont établi des accords de partenariat, l'analyse tend à dégager les facteurs politiques, économiques et culturels qui contribuent à la formation d'une politique régionale. Elle met aussi en évidence les principales caractéristiques des modalités d'intervention du pouvoir régional, son difficile positionnement, ses relations avec les autres acteurs régionaux, conduisant dans quelques cas à une forme d'instrumentalisation du gouvernement régional.La emergencia del poder regional en el campo de la aplicaciôn de las nuevas technologxas de la information y de la comunicaciôn a la ordenaciôn del territorio. A partir de una comparacion entre cuatro regiones de Europa que tienen acuerdos de colaboracion, se destacan los factores politicos, econômicos y culturales que contribuyen a la formaciôn de una polftica regional. También se ponen de manifiesto las principales caracteristicas de las modalidades de intervenciôn del poder regional, su dificultad para situarse, sus relaciones con los demâs actores régionales, lo que a veces conduce a una especie de instrumentalizaciôn del gobierno regional.Bardou Sylvie, Bouquillion Philippe, Pailliart Isabelle. Les NTIC dans les politiques régionales d'aménagement. In: Sciences de la société, n°34, 1995. Les régions dans l'Europe. pp. 113-124