Aplicación de herramientas de la filosofía Lean Construction en el mejoramiento del borde costero de Constitución

225 p.Este trabajo trata principalmente de la aplicación de ciertas herramientas de la filosofía Lean Construction en una de las partidas del proyecto “Mejoramiento Borde Costero Constitución Sector Fluvial, Etapa I Comuna de Constitución, Región del Maule”, realizado por la Empresa Constructora Gonzalo Orellana e hijo Ltda.En este proyecto se elaboró una secuencia de aplicación donde primero se realizó la identificación de los principales problemas en las actividades, seguido de la identificación de las causas a estos problemas y, posteriormente, la elaboración de las soluciones. Además se escogió el muro de protección de la sección 4 como la partida ideal para aplicar las diferentes herramientas.Para identificar las pérdidas que se produjeron en la partida en estudio se utilizaron 3 herramientas, las cuales fueron analizadas por separado con el fin de estimar cuál era la más eficiente. Entre estas herramientas se encuentran la encuesta de pérdidas, el muestreo del trabajo y el Value Stream Mapping, las cuales permitieron identificar pérdidas por esperas, movimientos innecesarios, talento, sobreprocesamiento, etc.Posteriormente, para identificar las causas que produjeron estas pérdidas, se utilizaron 2 herramientas, las cuales fueron analizadas por separado con fin de seguir con el mismo propósito anterior. Estas herramientas fueron el diagrama de causa-efecto y los 5-Why, las cuales permitieron identificar causas por métodos de trabajo inadecuados, problemas de planificación, inapropiados sistemas de control, etc. Finalmente, para proponer varias soluciones, se utilizó nuevamente la herramienta Value Stream Mapping, en la cual se recomendaron ideas enfocadas en la utilización de otras herramientas del Lean Construction (Last Planner, Heijunka, Líneas de balance y TQM). Por último, en relación a los resultados obtenidos del estudio, con el objetivo de mejorar las productividad de las obras de construcción de la Empresa Constructora Gonzalo Orellana e hijo Ltda, se recomendó que se utilizaran las herramientas aplicadas y sugeridas en las soluciones con el fin de evaluar mejor sus métodos de trabajo, visualizar sus errores y reducir los principales problemas en sus proyectos

Training Competences in Industrial Risk Prevention with Lego® Serious Play®: A Case Study

This paper proposes the use of the Lego® Serious Play® (LSP) methodology as a facilitating tool for the introduction of competences for Industrial Risk Prevention by engineering students from the industrial branch (electrical, electronic, mechanical and technological engineering), presenting the results obtained in the Universities of Cadiz and Seville in the academic years 2017–2019. Current Spanish legislation does not reserve any special legal attribution, nor does it require specific competence in occupational risk prevention for the regulated profession of a technical industrial engineer (Order CIN 351:2009), and only does so in a generic way for that of an industrial engineer (Order CIN 311:2009). However, these universities consider the training in occupational health and safety for these future graduates as an essential objective in order to develop them for their careers in the industry. The approach is based on a series of challenges proposed (risk assessments, safety inspections, accident investigations and fire protection measures, among others), thanks to the use of “gamification” dynamics with Lego® Serious Play®. In order to carry the training out, a set of specific variables (industrial sector, legal and regulatory framework, business organization and production system), and transversal ones (leadership, teamwork, critical thinking and communication), are incorporated. Through group models, it is possible to identify dangerous situations, establish causes, share and discuss alternative proposals and analyze the economic, environmental and organizational impact of the technical solutions studied, as well as take the appropriate decisions, in a creative, stimulating, inclusive and innovative context. In this way, the theoretical knowledge which is acquired is applied to improve safety and health at work and foster the prevention of occupational risks, promoting the commitment, effort, motivation and proactive participation of the student teams.Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities / European Social Fund: Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC-2017-22222

Knowledge as an Organizational Asset for Managing Complex Projects: The Case of Naval Platforms

Knowledge management (KM) involves learning from past experiences to avoid or correct scope misalignments, quality deviations, safety problems, time delays and/or cost overruns. KM is frequently materialized as a risk management (RM) plan. An RM plan allows for anticipating, avoiding, mitigating, or reducing potential problems impacting project performance. However, despite their high complementarity, KM and RM are not the same, nor share the same purpose. In the advent of the fourth industrial revolution, managing complex projects involves many KM-related challenges, such as differential competitiveness enhancement and value chain streamlining. Naval platforms are complex projects that require the integration of multiple sources of knowledge and information. They also need to keep on integrating latest digital technology innovations in their production processes. In this context, streamlining the requirements management may become a differential asset for project stakeholders of naval platforms. Namely, enhancing requirements management can make the customers' needs easier to meet, shorten the projects duration, reduce costs, optimize resources, and allow for higher flexibility. However, requirements management has KM as pre-requisite and RM as consequence. Unfortunately, potential synergies between KM and RM have remained largely unexplored in the project management literature, and so has requirements management as a potential bridge between both concepts. In this paper, a holistic model for shipbuilding organizations linking KM and RM is proposed. The model draws from existing KM and RM models while considering organizational factors, technological platforms, and competitiveness factors. A case study of a naval platform showing the model's applicability is provided. It is shown how the model can allow shipbuilding companies to sustain a competitive advantage by facilitating more robust decision making in dynamic project environments. Furthermore, the model also facilitates the identification of the companies' core competences to reach and keep a strong position in current global markets

PVDF based nanocomposites produced by solution blow spinning, structure and morphology induced by the presence of MWCNT and their consequences on some properties

Nanocomposites based on poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, filled with multiwalled carbon nanotubes, MWCNT, were prepared by solution blow spinning, SBS. PVDF was modified with MWCNT with the aim of changing final properties inducing structural and morphological variations in the polymer by the simple presence of conductive particles. Different compositions were considered (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 5% by weight of MWCNT) to understand the influence of the presence of MWCNT on the polymer structure, morphology, and consequently other properties. Morphology was inspected by optical and electron (SEM and TEM) microscopies, while structure was studied by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, FTIR. Thermal behavior was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry, DSC, while the surface and electrical properties were studied by contact angle and capacitance measurements, respectively. SBS allowed obtaining mats of nanocomposites constituted by submicrometric fibers where the MWCNT are uniformly dispersed and well aligned along the PVDF fibers. In this study, several aspects about structure and thermal behavior of PVDF were clarified in relation to other researches carried out up to the moment. Although MWCNT concentration did not seem to affect much the fibrous morphology of the SBS materials, the PVDF crystalline structure and surface properties of the materials were slightly modified. Dielectric behavior of PVDF was highly affected by the presence of MWCNT leading to a particular change in the permittivity and being possible to obtain a value of 0.023 for the percolation fraction.The authors appreciate the financial support received from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad [MAT2014-59116-C2]; the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid due to Fondos de Investigación de Fco. Javier González Benito [2012/00130/004] and the strategic Action in Composites materials and interphases [2011/00287/002]. TEM characterization was made at LABMET, associated to the Red de Laboratorios de la Comunidad de Madrid.Publicad

A Nearest Neighbours-Based Algorithm for Big Time Series Data Forecasting

A forecasting algorithm for big data time series is presented in this work. A nearest neighbours-based strategy is adopted as the main core of the algorithm. A detailed explanation on how to adapt and imple ment the algorithm to handle big data is provided. Although some parts remain iterative, and consequently requires an enhanced implementation, execution times are considered as satisfactory. The performance of the proposed approach has been tested on real-world data related to elec tricity consumption from a public Spanish university, by using a Spark cluster.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TIN2014-55894-C2-RJunta de Andalucía P12-TIC-1728Centro de Estudios Andaluces PRY153/14Universidad Pablo de Olavide APPB81309

Influence of bim in construction companies innovation

[EN] The implementation of BIM (Building Information Modeling) allows managing the project information of a building or infrastructure from the design phase to its maintenance and operation. The BIM model can handle all the project information and documentation using a database as a repository of a virtual 3D model. Companies in the construction industry implementing BIM are benefitting from the development of collaborative technologies, projects lifecycle costs decrease, the integration of more sustainable solutions and improving their market competitiveness. However, the companies that have decided to implement BIM, are also making an effort changing their innovation culture. By considering different ¿innovation concepts¿ and current models that explain the development of companies¿ innovation, the aim of this study is to build a theoretical model that explains how the implementation of BIM incentivizes different types of innovation in companies in the construction industry.[ES] La implementación de la metodología BIM (Building Information Modeling) en un proyecto permite gestionar la información de un edificio o infraestructura desde la fase de diseño hasta la fase de mantenimiento y explotación. El modelo BIM puede gestionar toda la información y documentación utilizando una base de datos como repositorio de un modelo virtual 3D. Las empresas del sector de la construcción que están implementando esta metodología, se benefician de desarrollar tecnologías colaborativas reduciendo costes en conjunto del ciclo de vida del proyecto, pudiendo incorporar soluciones sostenibles y mejorar su competitividad. Sin embargo, empresas que han decidido implementar la metodología BIM están realizando un gran esfuerzo modificando su cultura de innovación. Partiendo de los diversos "conceptos de innovación" y de los modelos actuales que explican el fomento de innovación en empresas, el objetivo de este trabajo es exponer un modelo teórico que describa cómo la implementación de BIM incentiva diferentes tipologías de innovación en las empresas del sector de la construcción.Villena Manzanares, F.; García-Segura, T.; Ballesteros-Pérez, P.; Pellicer, E. (2019). Influencia del BIM en la innovación de empresas del sector de la construcción. AEIPRO. 524-533. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/181289S52453

Retorno Económico y Social de la Inversión en un Centro de Rehabilitación Laboral

El presente trabajo es un estudio piloto que tiene como objetivo el análisis del retorno social y económico que se produce en un Centro de Rehabilitación Laboral. Este análisis se lleva a cabo siguiendo la metodología de Retorno Social de la Inversión. Se analizaron los retornos de un Centro de Rehabilitación Laboral que en el año 2017 atendió a un total de 93 personas (35,5% mujeres) y a 27 familiares. Los resultados mostraron un retorno en un año de un 137%, es decir 1,37€ por cada euro invertido. Los stakeholders que más retornaron son las propias personas atendidas (0,48€ por 1€ invertido), la administración Pública (0,31€ por 1€ invertido) y los trabajadores del centro (0,26€ por 1€ invertido). Los proyectos sociales de apoyo a la inserción laboral a personas con trastornos mental grave son económicamente sostenibles y con impacto en la sociedad. Análisis de este tipo complementan la evaluación de efectividad y favorecen la toma de decisiones en la inversión pública

Evaluación de necesidades provocadas por la COVID-19 en personas con trastorno mental grave

La pandemia provocada por la COVID-19 ha mostrado algunas carencias y riesgos asociados en la atención comunitaria de la salud mental a los pacientes más graves. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las necesidades asistenciales en una muestra de personas con trastorno mental grave durante el pico de la pandemia por COVID-19 en España en la Comunidad de Madrid, la Comunidad Valenciana, Extremadura y el País Vasco. Se utilizó el instrumento Needs of Assesment (NCA) y la Escala de Restricción de Vida (ERVI). La muestra fue de 669 personas y 144 cuidadores familiares convivientes. Los problemas clínicos más frecuentemente encontrados fueron los de ansiedad, seguidos de lentitud, baja actividad y depresión. En el área de destrezas y habilidades, los problemas más frecuentes fueron la estructuración del sueño, la integración comunitaria, la ocupación del tiempo y la capacidad cognitiva. En el área de soportes de apoyo, el principal problema fue la falta de red de apoyo social. Respecto al grado de cobertura, el 71% de los problemas clínicos estuvieron cubiertos. En el área de habilidades, el porcentaje desciende hasta un 68% y en los soportes sociales hasta el 66%. Se concluye que es necesario reforzar los Programas de Rehabilitación Psicosocial para atender las necesidades de pacientes graves de salud mental. Además, los modelos de atención deberían ser adaptados para asegurar su continuidad y permanencia en periodos de distanciamiento de la comunidad

Regioselective synthesis of neo-erlose by the beta-fructofuranosidase from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

The beta-fructofuranosidase from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Xd-INV) catalyzes the synthesis of neo-fructooligosaccharides (neo-FOS of the 6G-series), which contain a beta(2-6) linkage between a fructose and the glucosyl moiety of sucrose. In this work we demonstrate that the enzyme is also able to fructosylate other carbohydrates that contain glucose, in particular disaccharides (maltose, isomaltulose, isomaltose, trehalose) and higher oligosaccharides (maltotriose, raffinose, maltotetraose), but not monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose). With maltose as acceptor, the reaction in the presence of Xd-INV proceeded with high regioselectivity; the product was purified and chemically characterized, and turned out to be 6’-O--fructosylmaltose (neo-erlose). Using 100 g/L sucrose as fructosyl donor and 300 g/L maltose as acceptor, the maximum concentration of neo-erlose was 38.3 g/L. Thus, novel hetero-fructooligosaccharides with potential applications in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries can be obtained with Xd-INV.Projects BIO2010-20508-C04-01 and BIO2010-20508-C04-04 from Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation supported this research. We thank Fundación Ramon Areces for an institutional grant to the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa.Peer reviewe

Quantifying the patient´s perspective in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Psychometric properties of the SymptoMScreen questionnaire

Background: The assessment of self-reported outcomes in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is limited by the lack of validated disease-specific measures. The SymptoMScreen (SyMS) is a patient-reported questionnaire for measuring symptom severity in different domains affected by multiple sclerosis (MS), but has not been thoroughly evaluated in NMOSD. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the SyMS in a sample of patients with NMOSD. Methods: A non-interventional, cross-sectional study in adult subjects with NMOSD (Wingerchuk 2015 criteria) was conducted at 13 neuroimmunology clinics applying the SyMS. A non-parametric item response theory procedure, Mokken analysis, was performed to assess the underlying dimensional structure and scalability of items and overall questionnaire. All analyses were performed with R (v4.0.3) using the mokken library. Results: A total of 70 patients were studied (mean age: 47.5 ± 15 years, 80% female, mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score: 3.0 [interquartile range 1.5, 4.5]). Symptom severity was low (median SyMS score: 19.0 [interquartile range 10.0, 32.0]). The SyMS showed a robust internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha: 0.90 [95% confidence interval 0.86, 0.93]) and behaved as a unidimensional scale with all items showing scalability coefficients > 0.30. The overall SyMS scalability was 0.45 conforming to a medium scale according to Mokken's criteria. Fatigue and body pain were the domains with the highest scalability coefficients. The SyMS was associated with disability (rho: 0.586), and physical and psychological quality of life (rho: 0.856 and 0.696, respectively). Conclusions: The SyMS shows appropriate psychometric characteristics and may constitute a valuable and easy-to-implement option to measure symptom severity in patients with NMOSD