81 research outputs found

    Layer-Wise Relevance Propagation for Explaining Deep Neural Network Decisions in MRI-Based Alzheimer's Disease Classification

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    Deep neural networks have led to state-of-the-art results in many medical imaging tasks including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) detection based on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. However, the network decisions are often perceived as being highly non-transparent, making it difficult to apply these algorithms in clinical routine. In this study, we propose using layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP) to visualize convolutional neural network decisions for AD based on MRI data. Similarly to other visualization methods, LRP produces a heatmap in the input space indicating the importance/relevance of each voxel contributing to the final classification outcome. In contrast to susceptibility maps produced by guided backpropagation (“Which change in voxels would change the outcome most?”), the LRP method is able to directly highlight positive contributions to the network classification in the input space. In particular, we show that (1) the LRP method is very specific for individuals (“Why does this person have AD?”) with high inter-patient variability, (2) there is very little relevance for AD in healthy controls and (3) areas that exhibit a lot of relevance correlate well with what is known from literature. To quantify the latter, we compute size-corrected metrics of the summed relevance per brain area, e.g., relevance density or relevance gain. Although these metrics produce very individual “fingerprints” of relevance patterns for AD patients, a lot of importance is put on areas in the temporal lobe including the hippocampus. After discussing several limitations such as sensitivity toward the underlying model and computation parameters, we conclude that LRP might have a high potential to assist clinicians in explaining neural network decisions for diagnosing AD (and potentially other diseases) based on structural MRI data

    Investigations of Inducers Operating with High Rotational Speed

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    International audienceSuction performance, pressure rise and efficiency for four different inducers are examined with CFD simulations and experiments performed with 18000rpm and 24000rpm. The studies originate from a research project which includes the design of a new test bench in order to judge the design of the different inducers. This test bench allows to perform experiments with a rotational speed of up to 40000rpm and high pressure ranges with water as working fluid. Experimental results are used to evaluate the accuracy of the simulations and to gain a be er understanding of the design parameter. The influence of increasing the rotating speed from 18000rpm to 24000rpm on the performance is also shown

    Feasibility study on the use of side channel pumps for low viscosity fluids, with fracking or other hydrocarbon processing applications

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    LectureSide channel pumps typically are used in applications with low specific speed. The ratio of the low flow and high head tends to result in this niche product, located in between the classical displacement and centrifugal pumps, but uniting the advantages of both. Best experience in the design of these multistage ring section pumps is in using bearing bushings in the stages that are lubricated by the pumping media itself. This guarantees them to be low in service and maintenance time and cost and the pump has no need for another lubricant which contaminates the pumped media. The side channel pumps are a good solution for use with low density (below 5.8 lb/gal / 700 kg/m3), and low viscosity hydrocarbons (lower than 4.3e-8 lbf s/in2 / 0.3 cP), e.g. in fracking applications or petro- chemical use. The investigated side channel pump is able to generate and handle high pressures at low flows, but in a number of hydrocarbon applications with low viscosities, low NPSH-values or with relatively high percentage of entrained gas, some material failure in the bearings is discovered. The working principle of the pump and the performance characteristic is briefly explained. One of those characteristics is a highly transient pulsating pressure, resulting in high forces on the shaft and the impeller. The reasons for the pulsation and some methods to deal with the resulting forces are shown and explained. The high radial load, together with the low viscosity, could lead to an overload of the standard bearings and material failure. New journal bearings have to be designed. Some other possible solutions and ways to deal with the high forces are shown. The head and efficiency curves are tested on a test rig and the results are compared to numerical investigations. The pulsations and the force are determined in numerical investigations. The NPSH-value is measured and an optimized NPSH-impeller is designed and manufactured using Rapid-Prototyping. The newly manufactured impeller is compared to the original design, manufactured in two different ways (sand casting and investment casting). In the end, a modified pump, ready for the use in hydrocarbon-processing and fracking applications with amounts of gas and a low NPSH requirement is presented and the characteristics are tested on a test-rig, applying affinity laws

    Service robotics: do you know your new companion? Framing an interdisciplinary technology assessment

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    Service-Robotic—mainly defined as “non-industrial robotics”—is identified as the next economical success story to be expected after robots have been ubiquitously implemented into industrial production lines. Under the heading of service-robotic, we found a widespread area of applications reaching from robotics in agriculture and in the public transportation system to service robots applied in private homes. We propose for our interdisciplinary perspective of technology assessment to take the human user/worker as common focus. In some cases, the user/worker is the effective subject acting by means of and in cooperation with a service robot; in other cases, the user/worker might become a pure object of the respective robotic system, for example, as a patient in a hospital. In this paper, we present a comprehensive interdisciplinary framework, which allows us to scrutinize some of the most relevant applications of service robotics; we propose to combine technical, economical, legal, philosophical/ethical, and psychological perspectives in order to design a thorough and comprehensive expert-based technology assessment. This allows us to understand the potentials as well as the limits and even the threats connected with the ongoing and the planned implementation of service robots into human lifeworld—particularly of those technical systems displaying increasing grades of autonomy

    Technikfolgenabschätzung von soziotechnischen Zukünften

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    Problemstellung: Technikvisionen, Zukunftsszenarien, Entwicklungsleitbilder repräsentieren Imaginationen zukünftiger Zustände, die in Technikentwicklungs- und Innovationsprozessen funktionale Rollen spielen – z.B. als Mittel der Aufmerksamkeitserzeugung, Kommunikation, Koordination oder der strategischen Beeinflussung. Seit einigen Jahren lässt sich eine wachsende Aufmerksamkeit für solche Zukunftsbilder in Politik, Wirtschaft, Forschung und Zivilgesellschaft feststellen. Das lässt die Technikfolgenabschätzung (TA) als Beobachter der Prozesse und als Berater über die Folgen von Technik und Innovation nicht unberührt. TA sieht sich zunehmender Nachfrage gegenüber, in der Gegenwart zirkulierende Zukunftsvorstellungen zu beurteilen und durch Szenarien oder Foresight mitzugestalten. Stärker denn je stellt sich deshalb für die TA die Frage, welche Aussagen sie auf Grundlage dieser Zukunftsvorstellungen treffen kann und wie sie ihr erworbenes Wissen in ihren Beratungspraktiken umsetzen kann. Für die TA relevant sind diese Vorstellungen nicht als Prognosen, sondern in ihrer Bedeutung und Wirkung in der Gegenwart, die es zu verstehen und zu beurteilen gilt. Inhalt: Dieses Diskussionspapier skizziert, wie die TA die gegenwärtigen Bedeutungen und Wirkungen von Zukunftsvorstellungen in Technikentwicklungs- und Innovationsprozessen begreifen und analysieren kann. Alle Formen technologiebezogener Zukunftsvorstellungen werden im Papier unter dem Arbeitsbegriff „soziotechnische Zukünfte“ zusammengefasst. Als soziotechnische Zukünfte werden sie bezeichnet, da technische Entwicklungen in ihnen immer in Beziehung zu sozialen Veränderungen gesetzt werden. Ausgeführt wird, (1) warum die TA soziotechnische Zukünfte analysieren soll, (2) wie sie diese Analysen ausrichten kann, um erfassen zu können, welche gesellschaftlichen Zustände (z.B. Machtverhältnisse) in den Zukunftsimaginationen ihren Ausdruck finden und wie diese in Prozessen der Technikentwicklung, Kommunikation, Entscheidungsfindung etc. wirkmächtig werden und wirken. Das Papier fragt (3) danach, welche selbstreflexive Verortung und ggf. Neuausrichtung der TA-Praxis durch ihre verstärkte Befassung mit der Bewertung und auch der Mitgestaltung soziotechnischer Zukünfte erforderlich wird. Diese wird gerade im Zuge zunehmender Aufmerksamkeit in Politik und Öffentlichkeit auf zeitlich sowie räumlich weitreichende Zukunftsbilder gefordert. Adressat dieses Papiers ist die TA-Community im weiteren Sinne. Das Ziel des Diskussionspapiers ist es, Kolleginnen und Kollegen für das Thema und seine Problematik zu sensibilisieren, Diskussionen zu fundieren und theoretisch-methodische Anregungen für eine angemessene Befassung mit Zukunftsvorstellungen für Technikfolgenforschung und -beratung zu geben. Hervorgegangen ist das Diskussionspapier aus dem Workshop „Die Gegenwart technischer Zukünfte – Theoretische und methodische Herausforderungen der Technikfolgenabschätzung“ (März 2016, Karlsruhe), an dem alle Autorinnen und Autoren des Papiers mitgewirkt haben. Die Befunde dieses Diskussionspapiers sind Zwischenergebnisse, die weitere Diskussionen initiieren und orientieren sollen
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