Incidencia de hongos en muestras de yerba mate compuesta en el departamento de Itapúa = Incidence of fungi in samples yerba mate in the department of Itapúa

Se realizó el trabajo de investigación con el objetivo de identificar los hongos presentes en las muestras de yerba mate compuesta de distintas marcas comerciales.CONACYT – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPROCIENCI

Evaluación sanitaria de granos de maní (arachis hypogaea L.) colectados en cuatro distritos del departamento de Itapúa

El maní es un alimento de consumo mundial importante y está considerado como un alimento nutritivo y saludable. Su consumo puede ser en forma fresca o en forma de aceite. Desafortunadamente existen estudios que demuestran la presencia de problemas fitosanitariosal momento de ser traídos del campo y al ser almacenados; estos problemas fitosanitarios pueden generar trastornos graves a la salud de quienes lo consumen, por ende se realizó el presente trabajo en el laboratorio de fitopatología de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales filial General Artigas con el objetivo de identificar géneros de hongos en granos almacenados de maní. Fueron estudiadas 16 muestras obtenidas de comercios en cuatro distritos del departamento de Itapúa; el muestreo se realizó al azar y las zonas muestreadas o de recolección de granos fueron San Pedro del Paraná, General Artigas, Coronel Bogado y Fram. Se realizó el recuento fúngico utilizando la metodología del papel filtro procesando cuatro repeticiones de diez granos para cada muestra obtenida. Los granos fueron colocados en cámara húmeda en estantes, en ambiente no controlado durante ocho días, luego de transcurrido este periodo los granos contenidos en las placas fueron observados individualmente en microscopio. Las observaciones revelaron la presencia de cuatro géneros de hongos (Aspergillus spp., Penicillum spp., Rizopus spp. y Mucor) mostrando una notoria superioridad, en cuanto a la incidencia, el género Aspergillus spp. en los cuatro distritos.Fil: Arriola, Manuela . Universidad Nacional de Itapúa (Paraguay)Fil: Velázquez, Fabiana. Universidad Nacional de Itapúa (Paraguay)Fil: Ferreira, Fernando. Universidad Nacional de Itapúa (Paraguay

Microdochium oryzae (escaldadura de la hoja), en semillas de arroz

El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar y cuantificar la presencia de Microdochium oryzae en las semillas de arroz de la región de producción en el Paraguay.CONACYT – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPROCIENCI

Incidencia de hongos asociados a muestras de hojas de arroz en el ciclo del cultivo 2017/2018

El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la incidencia de especies de hongos asociadas a láminas foliares de arroz.CONACYT – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPROCIENCI

Sobrevivencia de principales patógenos causantes de enfermedades en cultivo de arroz de Paraguay

El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la fuente de inóculo de los principales patógenos de origen fungoso que causan enfermedades en el cultivo del arroz en el Paraguay.CONACYT - Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPROCIENCI

Alcohol consumption and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus

Studies have suggested that moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a reduced risk of CVD and premature mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. However, history of alcohol consumption has hardly been taken into account. We investigated the association between current alcohol consumption and mortality in men and women with diabetes mellitus accounting for past alcohol consumption. Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), a cohort was defined of 4797 participants with a confirmed diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Men and women were assigned to categories of baseline and past alcohol consumption. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI for total mortality were estimated with multivariable Cox regression models, using light alcohol consumption (>0-6 g/d) as the reference category. Compared with light alcohol consumption, no relationship was observed between consumption of 6 g/d or more and total mortality. HR for >6.12 g/d was 0.89(95% CI 0.61, 1.30) in men and 0.86(95% CI 0.46, 1.60) in women. Adjustment for past alcohol consumption did not change the estimates substantially. In individuals who at baseline reported abstaining from alcohol, mortality rates were increased relative to light consumers: HR was 1.52 (95% CI 0.99, 2.35) in men and 1.81 (95% CI 1.04, 3.17) in women. The present study in diabetic individuals showed no association between current alcohol consumption >6 g/d and mortality risk compared with light consumption. The increased mortality risk among non-consumers appeared to be affected by their past alcohol consumption rather than their current abstinence

Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption : combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies

Background Low-risk limits recommended for alcohol consumption vary substantially across different national guidelines. To define thresholds associated with lowest risk for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease, we studied individual-participant data from 599 912 current drinkers without previous cardiovascular disease. Methods We did a combined analysis of individual-participant data from three large-scale data sources in 19 high-income countries (the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, EPIC-CVD, and the UK Biobank). We characterised dose-response associations and calculated hazard ratios (HRs) per 100 g per week of alcohol (12.5 units per week) across 83 prospective studies, adjusting at least for study or centre, age, sex, smoking, and diabetes. To be eligible for the analysis, participants had to have information recorded about their alcohol consumption amount and status (ie, non-drinker vs current drinker), plus age, sex, history of diabetes and smoking status, at least 1 year of follow-up after baseline, and no baseline history of cardiovascular disease. The main analyses focused on current drinkers, whose baseline alcohol consumption was categorised into eight predefined groups according to the amount in grams consumed per week. We assessed alcohol consumption in relation to all-cause mortality, total cardiovascular disease, and several cardiovascular disease subtypes. We corrected HRs for estimated long-term variability in alcohol consumption using 152 640 serial alcohol assessments obtained some years apart (median interval 5.6 years [5th-95th percentile 1.04-13.5]) from 71 011 participants from 37 studies. Findings In the 599 912 current drinkers included in the analysis, we recorded 40 310 deaths and 39 018 incident cardiovascular disease events during 5.4 million person-years of follow-up. For all-cause mortality, we recorded a positive and curvilinear association with the level of alcohol consumption, with the minimum mortality risk around or below 100 g per week. Alcohol consumption was roughly linearly associated with a higher risk of stroke (HR per 100 g per week higher consumption 1.14, 95% CI, 1.10-1.17), coronary disease excluding myocardial infarction (1.06, 1.00-1.11), heart failure (1.09, 1.03-1.15), fatal hypertensive disease (1.24, 1.15-1.33); and fatal aortic aneurysm (1.15, 1.03-1.28). By contrast, increased alcohol consumption was loglinearly associated with a lower risk of myocardial infarction (HR 0.94, 0.91-0.97). In comparison to those who reported drinking >0-100-200-350 g per week had lower life expectancy at age 40 years of approximately 6 months, 1-2 years, or 4-5 years, respectively. Interpretation In current drinkers of alcohol in high-income countries, the threshold for lowest risk of all-cause mortality was about 100 g/week. For cardiovascular disease subtypes other than myocardial infarction, there were no clear risk thresholds below which lower alcohol consumption stopped being associated with lower disease risk. These data support limits for alcohol consumption that are lower than those recommended in most current guidelines. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Physical activity and all-cause mortality across levels of overall and abdominal adiposity in European men and women: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study (EPIC).

BACKGROUND: The higher risk of death resulting from excess adiposity may be attenuated by physical activity (PA). However, the theoretical number of deaths reduced by eliminating physical inactivity compared with overall and abdominal obesity remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether overall and abdominal adiposity modified the association between PA and all-cause mortality and estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) and the years of life gained for these exposures. DESIGN: This was a cohort study in 334,161 European men and women. The mean follow-up time was 12.4 y, corresponding to 4,154,915 person-years. Height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) were measured in the clinic. PA was assessed with a validated self-report instrument. The combined associations between PA, BMI, and WC with mortality were examined with Cox proportional hazards models, stratified by center and age group, and adjusted for sex, education, smoking, and alcohol intake. Center-specific PAF associated with inactivity, body mass index (BMI; in kg/m²) (>30), and WC (≥102 cm for men, ≥88 cm for women) were calculated and combined in random-effects meta-analysis. Life-tables analyses were used to estimate gains in life expectancy for the exposures. RESULTS: Significant interactions (PA × BMI and PA × WC) were observed, so HRs were estimated within BMI and WC strata. The hazards of all-cause mortality were reduced by 16-30% in moderately inactive individuals compared with those categorized as inactive in different strata of BMI and WC. Avoiding all inactivity would theoretically reduce all-cause mortality by 7.35% (95% CI: 5.88%, 8.83%). Corresponding estimates for avoiding obesity (BMI >30) were 3.66% (95% CI: 2.30%, 5.01%). The estimates for avoiding high WC were similar to those for physical inactivity. CONCLUSION: The greatest reductions in mortality risk were observed between the 2 lowest activity groups across levels of general and abdominal adiposity, which suggests that efforts to encourage even small increases in activity in inactive individuals may be beneficial to public health.This article was originally published in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition March 2015 (published January 14, 2015), doi: 10.3945/​ajcn.114.100065

Incidencia de géneros de hongos en muestras de yerba mate elaborada

La yerba mate (llex paraguariensis) es un cultivo tradicional que forma una parte importante del consumo básico familiar. La yerba mate está expuesto a la contaminación por microorganismos principalmente por los géneros de hongos que alteran la calidad del producto tanto en la yerba mate tradicional como en la compuesta.CONACYT - Consejo Nacional de Ciencias y TecnologíaPROCIENCI

Identificación de especies de Aspergillus en yerba mate del Departamento de Itapúa, Paraguay

Fil: Arriola Almada, Manuela. Universidad Nacional de Itapúa. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales. Departamento de Posgrado; Paraguay.Fil: Bohn Amaro, Daysi. Universidad Nacional de Itapúa. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales. Departamento de Posgrado; Paraguay.Fil: Jerke, Gladis. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales; Argentina.Fil: Quintana Viedma, Lidia Augusta. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales; Argentina.Internal commercialization and exportation of yerba mate represent an important economic incentive for yerba producers in the Itapúa department, in Paraguay. Favorable conditions For fungal development during the processing and storage of yerba mate can alter the bromatological and commercial quality of the product, with the consequent production of mycotoxins that are harmful to human health. The objectives were to determine the incidence of the genus Aspergillus and the frequency of species belonging to the Nigri and Flavi sections, with potential mycotoxigenic capacity, in Paraguayan yerba mate. Eleven commercial simples obtained from store shelves from Itapúa´s department were processed. The fungal content was quantified in Fungi and Yeast culture media with chloramphenicol, incubated 7 days at 25 ± 2 ° C. The isolates were identified at section and species level by their morphological phenotypic characteristics in three culture media at three different temperatures. The fungal strains of the Aspergillus genus were detected, obtaining 43 isolates, of which 95% belong to the Nigri section and 2.7% to the Flavi section. All the analyzed simples showed contamination by the Aspergillus genera, with 100% incidence of species from the Nigri section and 36% from other sections. A predominance of biseriate subspecies (66%) A. niger var awamori, A. niger var niger, A. fetidus, over uniseriate (34%) A. japonicus var. japonicus and A. japonicus var aculeatus was observed. These results highlight the importance of conducting independent studies on local products, given that each geographic region has its own mycological profile.La comercialización interna y la exportación de la yerba mate representan un incentivo económico importante para productores yerbateros del Departamento de Itapúa, Paraguay. Condiciones favorables para el desarrollo fúngico durante el procesamiento y almacenado de la yerba mate pueden alterar la calidad bromatológica y comercial del producto, con la consecuente producción de micotoxinas perjudiciales para la salud humana. Los objetivos fueron determinar la incidencia del género Aspergillus y la frecuencia de especies pertenecientes a las secciones Nigri y Flavi, con potencial capacidad micotoxicogénica, en yerba mate de origen paraguayo. Se procesaron 11 muestras comerciales obtenidas de comercios del departamento de Itapúa. El contenido fúngico fue cuantificado en medio de cultivo Hongos y Levaduras con cloranfenicol, incubadas 7 días a 25±2 °C. Los aislados fueron identificados a nivel secciones y especies por sus características fenotípicas morfológicas en tres medios de cultivo a tres temperaturas diferentes. Se detectan las cepas fúngicas del género Aspergillus, obteniéndose 43 aislados, de los cuales el 95% pertenece a la sección Nigri y 2,7% a la sección Flavi. Todas las muestras analizadas mostraron contaminación por el género Aspergillus, con 100% de incidencia de especies de la sección Nigri y 36% de otras secciones. Se observó predominio de subespecies biseriadas (66%) A. niger var awamori, A. niger var niger, A. foetidus, por sobre las uniseriadas (34%) A. japonicus var. japonicus y A. japonicus var aculeatus. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de realizar estudios independientes en productos locales, dado que cada región posee un perfil micológico propio