Feedback e reforço na interação adulto-criança no jardim-de-infância: um estudo de caso

Mestrado em Ciências da Educação - Formação Pessoal e SocialVista por vários autores como promotora o desenvolvimento físico, emocional e cognitivo da criança, a interação desempenha funções essenciais para o sucesso de cada indivíduo. Tendo como referência as interações entre adulto e criança, este estudo de caso tem como principal objetivo compreender a importância do feedback e do reforço do adulto no desenvolvimento e aprendizagem da criança em jardim-de-infância. Para tal, procurou-se refletir sobre as caraterísticas das interações adulto-criança e as implicações das mesmas num grupo de vinte e duas crianças com idades compreendidas entre os três e os cinco anos (doze do sexo masculino e dez sexo feminino) e ainda, três adultos de uma IPSS de Aveiro. De caráter investigativo qualitativo, o presente estudo de caso assentou na observação, registo escrito e interpretação das interações intencionais ocorridas em contexto pré-escolar, no período de 26 de outubro a 16 de dezembro de 2015. Conclui-se que as interações adulto-criança são conferidas uniformemente a todas as crianças, no entanto, o adulto enfatiza de forma mais proeminente as que revelam uma maior necessidade de atenção e cuidado, por via das realidades em que se encontram (imigração, necessidades educativas especiais e gravidez da progenitora). Os dados recolhidos revelaram ainda a presença de um elevado número de interações ocasionais, seguindo-se o reforço e o feedback, denotando a presença de um maior número de reforços em atividades autónomas, ao invés das orientadas, onde há uma quantidade superior de feedbacks atribuídos. Deste modo e de acordo com os resultados do estudo, compreende-se que o feedback e o reforço atribuídos pelo adulto podem impulsionar o crescimento da criança, quando adaptados cuidadosamente à individualidade de cada uma, representando uma ferramenta imprescindível na prática pedagógica do educador/professor.Several authors advocate the interaction as physical, emotional and cognitive child development promoter, performing essential functions on success of each individual. Respecting the interactions between adults and children, this case study aims to recognize the importance of adult’s feedback and reinforcement on child’s action in preschool context. Toward this, we tried to reflect on the characteristics of the interactions and their implications in a heterogeneous group with twenty-two children aged three and five years (twelve male and ten female) and also three adults of an IPSS of Aveiro. Featured as qualitative investigative, this case study was based on observation, registration and interpretation of interactions occurred in preschool context, in the period of 26 October to 16 December 2015. We conclude that adult-child interactions are also granted to all, however, the adult focuses most prominently those who reveal a greater need for attention and care, through the realities in which they are (immigration, special educational needs and mother’s pregnancy). The results also revealed the presence of a high number of casual interactions, followed by reinforcement and feedback, indicating the presence of a larger number of reinforcements on autonomous activities, instead of targeted activities, where there is a greater amount of feedback assigned. According to the register collected, we understand that feedback and reinforcement assigned by adult can boost child development, when carefully adapted to the individuality of each, representing an indispensable tool in the educator/teacher’s practice

What’s on: Cultural diversity and new educational approaches for specific school populations

Education policy regarding the immigrant school population is of upmost importance for current scientific research in social sciences. Digital resources and assessment instruments are challenges in education and psychology research, demanding knowledge from school community to address specific traits of learning and academic achievement. The education of future generation should be conceived based on multicultural idea of existing different cognitive profiles that have different selfregulations in learning environments as language acquisition development process. Immigrant school population is frequently neglected by school management and become emergent the development of open educational resources, validated tools and digital materials. Method: This post-doctoral research is focused in the development of open repository of paper and digital resources for school education, particularly addressing educational approaches for Portuguese second language learners. In current empirical study we are assessing a large sample of immigrant students from public schools, aged between 8 and 17 years old, learning Portuguese as second language, with heterogeneous profiles, in Lisbon district, from several levels of education. The main goal is to determine learner’s cognitive profiles in second language setting, and which common performances we can find between different home language speakers answering to 15 tests in the same circumstances. We believe that accurate evaluation tests can produce new changes in learning environments of linguistic minorities. Preliminary results will be discussed regarding three hypotheses about verbal behaviors in cognates, idiomatic utterances and verbal analogy tasks according to three variables: age, home language and exposure to second language. The variation of these predictors might have influence in cognitive and linguistic profiles. Additionally will be evaluated the reliability and difficulty of each task to provide a more psychometric sound measure than traditional other tools of assessment in national second language area. Findings will demonstrate new understanding about different speaking proficiency levels, rationales about predictive factors, and cutoffs to be considered as standards that will be adopted for the specific portuguese diagnostic test that is in validation process. Some of these new insights could be extended to the general investigation of proficiency and cognitive decoding skills in second language research, mainly for European languages context

Psychological Distress of Immigrant Population in Host School Systems and the Critical Period for Second Language Development: A Review.

Immigrant students attending schools in the host country have different cognitive, cultural and linguistic backgrounds that might influence their inclusion process. This process is enhanced by success attained in academic context and by psychological adaptation. Academic difficulties and limited proficiency could motivate psychological distress and anxiety levels that constraint development and learning of newer immigrants’ generation. Maladaptive behaviours might occur with different severity among non-native school children attending to their ethnic differences, cultural traits, length of residence and age. Also the maturational characteristics that interfere with the achievement of native children are probably different from the cognitive maturation that explain the performance of immigrant students, in the same schooling years. In this critical review two main concerns are explored as research based evidence and also as theoretical hypotheses: how distinct immigrant groups differ in psychological distress according to pre-migration and post-migration experiences, and how immigration may change the cognitive processing abilities and the brain development

Second language education context and home language effect: language dissimilarities and variation in immigrant students’ outcomes.

Heritage language speakers struggle in European classrooms with insufficient material provided for second language (SL) learning and assessment. Considering the amount of instruments and pertinent studies in English SL, immigrant students are better prepared than their peers in Romance language settings. This study investigates how factors such as age and home language can be used in the teaching environment to predict and examine the development outcomes of SL students in verbal reasoning and vocabulary tasks. Hundred and six Portuguese participants, SL learners, between 8 and 17 years old, were assessed in vocabulary frequency, verbal analogies and morphological extraction tasks. In alphabetic languages (Romance languages), immigrant students (in a SL learning situation) with a strong linguistic distance (a home language with a very different orthographic foundation) are expected to struggle in language learning in spite of being aware of strategies that can improve their skills. The storage and combination of morphemes can be a demanding task for individual speakers at different levels. Cognitive mapping is strongly based on linguistic features of L1 development. Results show that home language, not age, was a significant predictor of variation in student’s outcomes. Speakers of alphasyllabary languages (Indo-Aryan languages as L1) were the poorest performers, the ‘linguistic distance’ of their languages explaining the performance’ result

La representación de la función paterna para instituciones de ayuda a los niños en conflicto con la ley

No presente artigo articula-se a importância da função paterna para o desenvolvimento da criança e do adolescente e como a falta dessa função faz o jovem buscar alguém que a exerça. Muitas vezes, durante essa busca, os adolescentes cometem atos infracionais que os levam a entrar em conflito com a lei e, consequentemente, entrar em contato com os atores da justiça, que podem representar os limites que esses adolescentes procuraram. A metodologia adotada é a epistemologia qualitativa, que enfoca a análise da entrevista participativa. Para tal análise foram entrevistados atores da justiça envolvidos nos processos com adolescentes em conflito com a lei que discutiram a carência no Distrito Federal em relação a políticas públicas e a urgência de mobilização da sociedade para se ter resultados favoráveis no desenvolvimento do trabalho com os adolescentes em conflito com a lei.In this article articulates the importance of paternal role for the development of children and adolescents, and the lack of this function makes the young look for one that carries. Many times during this search, the adolescents commit illegal acts, leading them into conflict with the law and therefore contact with the actors of justice, which may represent the limits that these adolescents sought. The methodology adopted is qualitative epistemology, which focuses on the participatory analysis of the interview. For this analysis were interviewed actors involved in the processes of justice with adolescents in conflict with the law where they discussed the shortfall in the Federal District in relation to public policy and the urgency of mobilizing society to have favorable results in the development of work with adolescents in conflict with the law.En este trabajo se articula la importancia de la función paterna en el desarrollo de los niños y adolescentes, y cómo la falta de esta característica hace que los jóvenes buscan a alguien para ejercerla. A menudo, durante esta búsqueda, los adolescentes cometen infracciones que dan lugar a un conflicto con la ley y por lo tanto en contacto con los actores de la justicia, que puede representar los límites que estos adolescentes buscaban. La metodología es la epistemología cualitativa, que se centra en el análisis de la entrevista participativa. Para estas análisis fueron entrevistados los actores que participan en los procesos de la justicia con los jóvenes en conflicto con la ley, que discutieran el déficit en el Distrito Federal en materia de política pública y la urgencia de movilizar a la sociedad para tener resultados favorables en el desarrollo del trabajo con adolescentes en conflicto con la ley

Indução de calos em sementes imaturas de Bertholletia excelsa

Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.,known as Brazil nuttree, belongs to the Lecythidaceae botanic family and is endemic to the AmazonianRegion. Its nuts have high economic and nutritional value. The objective of this work was to establish efficient protocols for callus induction from immature seeds of B.excelsa, as a preliminary step to its further micropropagation. After disinfestation, fragments of immature seeds were cultivated in WPM (Wood Plant Medium) supplemented with 2,4-D (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 mg.L-1) and TDZ (0, 1.6 and 3.2 mg.L-1) in factorial combination. Twenty-one days later the callus induction was evaluated. Cultures were kept in a growth room in the dark at 24±2ºC. The highest percentage of callus induction was found with the combination of 2 mg.L-12,4-D with 3.2 mg.L-1TDZ.Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K., conhecida como castanheira-do-brasil, pertence à família Lecythidaceae e é uma espécie endêmica da Amazônia. Suas castanhas têm importante valor econômico e nutricional. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho determinar um protocolo eficiente para indução de calos em explantes de sementes imaturas de B. excelsa, primeiro passo para o estabelecimento de um protocolo de micropropagação da espécie. Após desinfestação, fragmentos de sementes imaturas foram cultivados em meio WPM (Wood Plant Medium) acrescido de 2,4-D (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 mg.L-1) e TDZ (0, 1,6 e 3,2 mg.L-1) em combinação fatorial. Após 21 dias, foi avaliada a indução de calos. Os cultivos foram mantidos no escuro, em sala de crescimento, a 24±2ºC. A condição que resulta em maior porcentagem de calogênese foi encontrada na combinação de 2 mg.L-1de 2,4-D com 3,2 mg.L-1de TDZ

O Mapeamento da inclusão no acervo nas bibliotecas da universidade federal da Paraíba

A pesquisa tem por objetivo mapear a produção científica sobre o tema “inclusão” no acervo das bibliotecas da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) e com este fim opta por uma revisão bibliográfica do fenômeno, analisando-o a partir de uma perspectiva dialética, e, ainda realiza um levantamento de obras disponíveis no sistema de bibliotecas. Assim, por meio de dois sistemas de filtragens: por título e por assunto, construímos uma lista de obras organizadas em: livros, monografias, dissertações e teses. A partir desta lista montou-se um quadro demonstrativo do acervo sobre inclusão e passou-se a análise do mesmo, dentro da perspectiva qualitativa e quantitativa. Na análise quantitativa buscou-se correlacionar à quantidade de obras disponíveis na área e sua representação dentro do acervo geral das bibliotecas da UFPB, enquanto na análise qualitativa, elas foram categorizadas a partir da especificidade apresentada, pautada exclusivamente no que se anuncia no título ou em caso de dúvida, procedeu-se investigação do assunto tratado nas obras. Os resultados demonstraram que o acervo sobre inclusão na UFPB ainda é bastante incipiente, e que por se referirem a grupos ou áreas específicas são ainda mais escassos quando categorizados por área: social, educacional, digital, por exemplo. Ressalta-se, ainda, o fato do maior número de obras disponíveis se referirem à questão educacional e, mais especificamente às pessoas com deficiência, o que demonstra que se tem restringido as aquisições de títulos sobre inclusão a uma só área, deixando de considerar outros debates relativos à inclusão étnica, do idoso, na saúde etc

La economía solidaria: una conexión con el desarrollo territorial de Niterói y São Gonçalo (Río de Janeiro, Brasil)

This article presents the results of an investigation made in ventures located in Niterói and São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, in atention to a solicitation of Brazilian Education Ministry and Universidade Federal Fluminense. The research purpose is to go to the field and verify how work practiced in the associations/cooperatives involves the principles of Solidarity Economics (EcoSol). Beyond that, the research also observed how local communities relate from this “other” economy that proposes developing new human relations. In this context, the main diffi - culties faced by this ventures concerning legalization, public policies and financial profits are also reported. The investigation made possible a deeper look on the differences from Solidarity Economics theoretical principles and the way they are lived. That is because, of course, there is still a strong influence of capitalism, once that this ventures are inserted into a society ruled by the capitalist system. But even with the difficulties and limitations already referred, the associations/cooperatives can put into practice some of the Ecosol´s concepts. The investigation also revealed the positive and satisfactory side of those who begin to use the Ecosol´s principles, many times without knowing deeply what this economy is. The enthusiasm and the will to develop the Ecosol seen in these ventures lead us to report the story of these people that, despite the difficulties, fight to put into practice this “other” economy.Key words: collectivity, community, development, solidarity-based economy, ventures.Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación hecha en emprendimientos sitos en Niterói y São Gonçalo, Río de Janeiro, Brasil, en atención a una solicitación del Ministerio de la Educación brasileño a la Universidad Federal Fluminense. El objetivo de la pesquisa fue ir a campo y verificar como el trabajo practicado en las asociaciones/ cooperativas envuelve los principios de la Economía Solidaria (EcoSol). Además de eso, la encuesta también observó como las comunidades locales se relacionan a partir de esa “otra” economía que propone desarrollar nuevas relaciones humanas. En ese contexto, son también relatadas las principales dificultades enfrentadas por eses emprendimientos cuanto a la legalización, a las políticas públicas y a los lucros financieros. La investigación posibilitó una mirada más profundizada sobre la diferencia de los principios teóricos de la Economía Solidaria y el modo como ellos son vividos. Se notó que ningún de los emprendimientos visitados pone en práctica todos los principios teóricos de la EcoSol. Eso porque aún hay, es claro, una fuerte influencia del capitalismo, una vez que eses emprendimientos están inseridos en una sociedad regida por el sistema capitalista. Pero mismo con las dificultades y limitaciones ya referidas, las asociaciones/cooperativas logran colocar en práctica algunos conceptos de la EcoSol. La investigación también reveló el lado positivo y satisfactorio de aquellos que comienzan a utilizar los principios de la EcoSol, muchas veces sin conocer o estudiar profundamente lo que sea esa economía. El entusiasmo y la voluntad de desarrollar la EcoSol vistos en eses emprendimientos nos ha llevado a relatar la historia de esas personas que, a pesar de las dificultades, luchan para poner en práctica esa “otra” economía.Palabras clave: colectividad, comunidad, desarrollo, economía solidaria, emprendimientos