Ensino religioso nas escolas públicas

O artigo trata sobre a Constituição estabelecer que a disciplina “ensino religioso”, embora de matrícula facultativa, deve ser oferecida obrigatoriamente nos horários normais das escolas públicas de ensino fundamental. Argumenta que, ao dispor sobre a questão, o texto constitucional remete a uma série de contradições e paradoxos sobre as relações entre as instituições democráticas, a sociedade e o domínio religioso, que se fazem presentes na história brasileira desde pelo menos a proclamação da República. Lembra que conservadores religiosos sempre viram no instituto a possibilidade de doutrinar as crianças numa determinada religião, e os defensores mais liberais do Estado laico há muito sustentam a necessidade de se extinguir a disciplina, pois a consideram uma porta aberta para a intolerância religiosa. Ressalta que a laicidade exige que o Estado brasileiro não fundamente sua legitimidade em qualquer doutrina religiosa específica, abrindo espaço para que outras denominações religiosas proliferem

The evolutionary origins of human cooperation and its implications for legal theory

A teoria darwinista tem contribuído para a discussão de problemas nos mais diversos campos filosóficos, entre os quais se inclui a ética e a teoria moral. Tendo em vista que as ciências sociais têm rejeitado tentativas biológicas de explicar o comportamento normativo humano, a primeira seção será destinada a mostrar os motivos dessa rejeição e como a teoria da dupla herança os supera. Seus pressupostos são explicitados na segunda seção. Ao assumir que a cultura é uma causa última da evolução humana, a teoria da dupla herança supera dificuldades encontradas por outras abordagens evolutivas que pretenderam explicar a evolução do comportamento normativo humano, ao salientar a evolução da psicologia social humana e dos instintos responsáveis pelo raciocínio moral e jurídico. Nesta perspectiva, reconhece-se que há princípios morais inatos e universais incorporados à mente humana, que impossibilitam a estabilização cultural de normas morais/jurídicas incompatíveis com eles. Essa tese é debatida na última seção do artigo, na qual se discute a problemática relação entre direito natural e positivo, um problema clássico da teoria moral e jurídica.A darwinian evolutionary approach can contribute to evaluate philosophical problems in different fields, including ethics and moral theory. Slnce social theory has rejected biological attempts to explain human behavior, the first section of the article aims to discuss the reasons of this rejection and to show how new theories, like dual inheritance theory, have been able to overcome them. The assumptions of dual inheritance theory are debated in section 2. Assuming that culture not only is the outcome from genetic evolution, but also an important force in human evolutionary history, dual inheritance theory addresses human cooperation and the underlying psychological mechanisms in a distinctive way. In contrast with other biological theories that intended to explain human normative behavior, dual inheritance theory innovates by taking into account the evolution of human social psychology and of the instincts responsible for moral reasoning. In this sense, it recognizes that there are innate moral principles nested in human mind that makes impossible the cultural stabilization of moral/legal norms that turn out to be incompatible with them. This hypothesis is discussed in the third section, which deploys further this naturalistic standpoint by applying dual heritance theory to the so-called 'natural right' issue, a classical problem for moral and law

A teoria da Dupla Herança e a evolução da moralidade

A teoria darwinista tem contribuído para a discussão de problemas nos mais diversos campos filosóficos, entre os quais se inclui a ética e a teoria moral. A sociobiologia e a psicologia evolucionista elucidaram muitos aspectos do comportamento social de diversas espécies animais, a partir de mecanismos como a seleção de parentesco e o altruísmo recíproco que, contudo, são insuficientes para explicar a cooperação no caso humano. Como alternativa, a teoria da dupla herança busca explicar o comportamento humano considerando tanto a biologia quanto as ciências sociais. Segundo esta abordagem, a psicologia social humana é caracterizada por instintos sociais tribais e marcadores simbólicos, que resultam em uma mente que pressupõe princípios morais inatos e universais, selecionados para a vida em grupos orientados por normas sociais, mas que são plasticamente moldados à realidade cultural de cada sociedade. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTA darwinian evolutionary approach can contribute to reassess philosophical problems in different fields, including ethics and moral theory. Sociobiology and evolutionary psychology address these issues by presupposing mechanisms such as kin selection and reciprocal altruism. However, these mechanisms can’t account for cooperation in the human species. Dual inheritance theory addresses human cooperation differently, by taking into account the above-mentioned classical biological mechanisms without ignoring, however, relevant knowledge produced by social scientists. According to this approach, human social psychology comprises tribal social instincts and symbolic markers. One implication of this approach is that there are innate and universal moral principles hardwired in the human mind-brain, which where selected through an evolutionary process that makes life possible in large, structured social groups. Although innate, these principles are plastically shaped to meet the demands of different cultural niches in particular societies

Represas de abastecimento público de Juiz de Fora: mananciais da vida

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Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost