Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Staphylococcus Aureus from Raw Milk in Different Places of Savar, Bangladesh

Milk and its derivates are considered vehicles of Staphylococcucs aureus infection in human. S.aureus commonly found on the skin and hair as well as in the noses and throats of people and animals. The bacteria are present in up to 25 percent of healthy people and are even more common among those with skin, eye, nose, or throat infection. S. aureus can cause food poisoning when a food handler contaminates food and then the food is not properly stored. Other sources of food contamination include the equipment and surfaces on which food is prepared .These bacteria multiply quickly at room temperature to produce a toxin that causes illness. S.aureus is killed by cooking and pasteurization. Present study was carried out from  June 2017 to November 2018 .The aim this investigation was to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from  raw cow milk obtained from different parts of Savar, Ashulia, Dhamrai area distract of Dhaka,  Bangladesh. A total of 45 milk samples were collected. Milk samples were subjected to bacteriological and biochemical tests. All the characterized isolates were    subjected to determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern by disc diffusion method testing such as and using bacteriological and biochemical schemes, 31 out of 45 sample (69%) isolates were identified as S .aureus from 45 samples. All  the isolates showed growth  on MSA and MHA agar. According  to antibiogram results  of  antibiotic  sensitivity of S.aureus,  percentages of sensitivity was observed against different group of antibiotics as follows:     chloramphenicol (93%, Gentamycin(93%), Vancomycin (89%), Streptomycin(89%)  Ciprofloxacin(64%),Tetracycillin(71%), Oxcillin (57%) Sulfamethoxazole (50%), All of the   isolates  were  found  to  be     resistant  against  Penicillin (100%) and Azithromycin 100%) . Isolated S.aureus showed  the resistance  pattern to  broad spectrum antibiotic. Some people who have tendency to drink without cooking milk and raw milk products, there is high risk of S. aureus infection in human health

Potential Healing Powers with Jute Plant- A Review

Jute (Corchorus spp) can be a potential medicinal product for the treatment of many diseases. In traditional medicinal practices, it is used to treat constipation, demulcent, dysentery, worm, carminative anthalmitic, intestinal antiseptic, ascites, pain, piles, tumors, dysuria, febrifuge, stomachic, cystitis etc. Till now more than 80 compounds, including glycosides, triterpenes, ionones, phenolics, phytosterols, organic acids, lignins, alkaloids have been isolated and identified from jute plant. The main phytochemical compounds are cardiac glycosides, corchorin, corchotoxin, helveticoside, corchoroside A and B, olitoriside, erysimoside, straphatidol, glycoside, capsularinsteroids and many other secondary metabolites. Modern studies have revealed several biological activities such as acidic polysaccharide, cardiotonic, anti-obisity, gastroprotective, antidiabetcs, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. The present review deals to provide comprehensive knowledge on the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of different plant extracts of jute based on the available scientific literature, provide a potential guide to highlight the available literature on jute plant with respect to ethnobotany, chemical constituents and summary of various pharmacological activities

Arsenic-Associated Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Immune Disruption in Human Placenta and Cord Blood

BACKGROUND: Arsenic (As) exposure during pregnancy induces oxidative stress and increases the risk of fetal loss and low birth weight. OBJECTIVES: In this study we aimed to elucidate the effects of As exposure on immune markers in the placenta and cord blood, and the involvement of oxidative stress. METHODS: Pregnant women were enrolled around gestational week (GW) 8 in our longitudinal, population-based, mother-child cohort in Matlab, an area in rural Bangladesh with large variations in As concentrations in well water. Women (n = 130) delivering at local clinics were included in the present study. We collected maternal urine twice during pregnancy (GW8 and GW30) for measurements of As, and placenta and cord blood at delivery for assessment of immune and inflammatory markers. Placental markers were measured by immunohistochemistry, and cord blood cytokines by multiplex cytokine assay. RESULTS: In multivariable adjusted models, maternal urinary As (U-As) exposure both at GW8 and at GW30 was significantly positively associated with placental markers of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β); U-As at GW8, with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interferon-γ (IFNγ); and U-As at GW30, with leptin; U-As at GW8 was inversely associated with CD3+ T cells in the placenta. Cord blood cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IFNγ, TNFα) showed a U-shaped association with U-As at GW30. Placental 8-oxoG was significantly positively associated with placental proinflammatory cytokines. Multivariable adjusted analyses suggested that enhanced placental cytokine expression (TNFα and IFNγ) was primarily influenced by oxidative stress, whereas leptin expression appeared to be mostly mediated by As, and IL-1β appeared to be influenced by both oxidative stress and As. CONCLUSION: As exposure during pregnancy appeared to enhance placental inflammatory responses (in part by increasing oxidative stress), reduce placental T cells, and alter cord blood cytokines. These findings suggest that effects of As on immune function may contribute to impaired fetal and infant health

Immune responses in the treatment of drug-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis with phenylbutyrate and vitamin D3 as host directed therapy

Background We have previously shown that 8 weeks’ treatment with phenylbutyrate (PBA) (500mgx2/day) with or without vitamin D3 (vitD3) (5000 IU/day) as host-directed therapy (HDT) accelerated clinical recovery, sputum culture conversion and increased expression of cathelicidin LL-37 by immune cells in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). In this study we further aimed to examine whether HDT with PBA and vitD3 promoted clinically beneficial immunomodulation to improve treatment outcomes in TB patients. Methods Cytokine concentration was measured in supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients (n = 31/group). Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes (GADD34 and XBP1spl) and human beta-defensin-1 (HBD1) gene expression were studied in monocyte-derived-macrophages (MDM) (n = 18/group) from PBMC of patients. Autophagy in MDM (n = 6/group) was evaluated using LC3 expression by confocal microscopy. Results A significant decline in the concentration of cytokines/chemokines was noted from week 0 to 8 in the PBA-group [TNF-α (β = − 0.34, 95% CI = − 0.68, − 0.003; p = 0.04), CCL11 (β = − 0.19, 95% CI = − 0.36, − 0.03; p = 0.02) and CCL5 (β = − 0.08, 95% CI = − 0.16, 0.002; p = 0.05)] and vitD3-group [(CCL11 (β = − 0.17, 95% CI = − 0.34, − 0.001; p = 0.04), CXCL10 (β = − 0.38, 95% CI = − 0.77, 0.003; p = 0.05) and PDGF-β (β = − 0.16, 95% CI = − 0.31, 0.002; p = 0.05)] compared to placebo. Both PBA- and vitD3-groups showed a decline in XBP1spl mRNA on week 8 (p < 0.03). All treatment groups demonstrated increased LC3 expression in MDM compared to placebo over time (p < 0.037). Conclusion The use of PBA and vitD3 as adjunct therapy to standard TB treatment promoted favorable immunomodulation to improve treatment outcomes.This study was supported by the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Sida (Sida-icddrb Agreement support; Grant 384, SWE-2008-065) and Swedish Strategic Foundation (SSF, Grant No. RBd08–0014), the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (Grant No. 2013–0366) and Swedish Research Council (Grant No. 2016–01496). No funding bodies had any role in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.Peer Reviewe

Phenylbutyrate Counteracts Shigella Mediated Downregulation of Cathelicidin in Rabbit Lung and Intestinal Epithelia: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy

BACKGROUND: Cathelicidins and defensins are endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are downregulated in the mucosal epithelia of the large intestine in shigellosis. Oral treatment of Shigella infected rabbits with sodium butyrate (NaB) reduces clinical severity and counteracts the downregulation of cathelicidin (CAP-18) in the large intestinal epithelia. AIMS: To develop novel regimen for treating infectious diseases by inducing innate immunity, we selected sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (PB), a registered drug for a metabolic disorder as a potential therapeutic candidate in a rabbit model of shigellosis. Since acute respiratory infections often cause secondary complications during shigellosis, the systemic effect of PB and NaB on CAP-18 expression in respiratory epithelia was also evaluated. METHODS: The readouts were clinical outcomes, CAP-18 expression in mucosa of colon, rectum, lung and trachea (immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR) and release of the CAP-18 peptide/protein in stool (Western blot). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Significant downregulation of CAP-18 expression in the epithelia of rectum and colon, the site of Shigella infection was confirmed. Interestingly, reduced expression of CAP-18 was also noticed in the epithelia of lung and trachea, indicating a systemic effect of the infection. This suggests a causative link to acute respiratory infections during shigellosis. Oral treatment with PB resulted in reduced clinical illness and upregulation of CAP-18 in the epithelium of rectum. Both PB and NaB counteracted the downregulation of CAP-18 in lung epithelium. The drug effect is suggested to be systemic as intravenous administration of NaB could also upregulate CAP-18 in the epithelia of lung, rectum and colon. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that PB has treatment potential in human shigellosis. Enhancement of CAP-18 in the mucosal epithelia of the respiratory tract by PB or NaB is a novel discovery. This could mediate protection from secondary respiratory infections that frequently are the lethal causes in dysentery

Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Post-partum haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. Early administration of tranexamic acid reduces deaths due to bleeding in trauma patients. We aimed to assess the effects of early administration of tranexamic acid on death, hysterectomy, and other relevant outcomes in women with post-partum haemorrhage. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we recruited women aged 16 years and older with a clinical diagnosis of post-partum haemorrhage after a vaginal birth or caesarean section from 193 hospitals in 21 countries. We randomly assigned women to receive either 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid or matching placebo in addition to usual care. If bleeding continued after 30 min, or stopped and restarted within 24 h of the first dose, a second dose of 1 g of tranexamic acid or placebo could be given. Patients were assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight numbered packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Participants, care givers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. We originally planned to enrol 15 000 women with a composite primary endpoint of death from all-causes or hysterectomy within 42 days of giving birth. However, during the trial it became apparent that the decision to conduct a hysterectomy was often made at the same time as randomisation. Although tranexamic acid could influence the risk of death in these cases, it could not affect the risk of hysterectomy. We therefore increased the sample size from 15 000 to 20 000 women in order to estimate the effect of tranexamic acid on the risk of death from post-partum haemorrhage. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ISRCTN76912190 (Dec 8, 2008); ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00872469; and PACTR201007000192283. Findings Between March, 2010, and April, 2016, 20 060 women were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (n=10 051) or placebo (n=10 009), of whom 10 036 and 9985, respectively, were included in the analysis. Death due to bleeding was significantly reduced in women given tranexamic acid (155 [1·5%] of 10 036 patients vs 191 [1·9%] of 9985 in the placebo group, risk ratio [RR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·65–1·00; p=0·045), especially in women given treatment within 3 h of giving birth (89 [1·2%] in the tranexamic acid group vs 127 [1·7%] in the placebo group, RR 0·69, 95% CI 0·52–0·91; p=0·008). All other causes of death did not differ significantly by group. Hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (358 [3·6%] patients in the tranexamic acid group vs 351 [3·5%] in the placebo group, RR 1·02, 95% CI 0·88–1·07; p=0·84). The composite primary endpoint of death from all causes or hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (534 [5·3%] deaths or hysterectomies in the tranexamic acid group vs 546 [5·5%] in the placebo group, RR 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·09; p=0·65). Adverse events (including thromboembolic events) did not differ significantly in the tranexamic acid versus placebo group. Interpretation Tranexamic acid reduces death due to bleeding in women with post-partum haemorrhage with no adverse effects. When used as a treatment for postpartum haemorrhage, tranexamic acid should be given as soon as possible after bleeding onset. Funding London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Pfizer, UK Department of Health, Wellcome Trust, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

A case study on reaching the poorest and vulnerable

Bangladesh is the most densely populated country in South Asia. It has a population of 144 million, 21% living in urban centres. The rate of population increase has reduced from 2.5 in 1997 to 1.6 in 2001 while the urban population has increased from 6% in 1961 to 21% in 2001 of the total. The World Bank estimates the country population at 181 million by 2025 with 41% i.e. 73 million, living in the urban areas. Nearly half of the urban population will be living in slums and squatter settlements with little or no services. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics carried out Households Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) in 2000 and the report has been published in 2003. The survey divided the poor people in two categories; absolute poor & hard core poor. HIES defines absolute poor as a person who consume less than 2122 k.cal/day, and hard core poor a person who consume less than 1805 k.cal/day. According to HIES 44.33% people are absolute poor & 19.98 % people are hardcore poor. In rural area hard-core poverty is sharply decreasing whereas in urban area, opposite picture is noticed in respect of absolute and hard core poverty situations. In 2004-2005 WaterAid Bangladesh carried out an independent base line survey. According to that 30.6% slum dwellers are hardcore poor and 44.5% are absolute poor

In vitro antioxidant effects of aloe barbadensis miller extracts and the potential role of these extracts as antidiabetic and antilipidemic agents on streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic model rats

10.3390/molecules171112851Molecules171112851-1286