Runoff and Sediment Reductions in the Different Stages

在延安燕沟流域退耕黄土坡面,根据植被状况建立不同植被恢复阶段(耕地、草地、灌木地、林地)径流小区,分析在退耕还林(草)工程实施以后,不同植被恢复阶段的减流减沙效益。结果表明,与坡耕地相比,各小区的减流减沙效益为:林地&gt;灌木地&gt;草地,草地和灌木地的减沙效益大于减流效益。对比草地和灌木地刈割前后的产流产沙量,可以看出,草地和灌木的减流效益有80%以上是由于地表枯落物及根系拦蓄径流造成,刈割后产沙量有明显增加,表明处于植被演替初级阶段的近地表层生态功能仍然比较脆弱,仍需进行封育保护。</span

Erosion Characteristics of Plots with Various Underlying Surfaces in Single Rainfall

在延安市燕沟流域试验区布设了裸地、荒草地和灌木地3个坡面径流小区,对次降雨雨量、历时、径流深、产沙量、入渗率等数据进行了定位观测,并运用SAS软件对不同下垫面径流小区次降雨的侵蚀特征等相关问题进行了分析研究。结果表明,无论降雨强度如何变化,3个小区的径流量、产沙量均呈依次降低趋势:灌木地&lt;荒草地&lt;裸地;而入渗率呈依次增大趋势:灌木地&gt;荒草地&gt;裸地。其径流量与降雨量之间存在着很好的相关关系;产沙量随降雨量的增大而增大,其中裸地产沙量增大最为显著;入渗率随着降雨量的增大有增加趋向,但雨强增大时,入渗率表现为降低趋势;产沙量与径流量存在较好的相关关系,相关系数最高达到0.928 4,荒草地小区产沙量与径流量的关系可用二次函数很好地描述

Effects of Different Land Use Patterns on Soil Organic Carbon Loss on the Loess Slope

坡面土地利用方式与产流、产沙及土壤有机碳的流失具有密切关系。对延安燕沟流域的坡耕地、草地、刈割草地、灌木地、刈割灌木以及刺槐林地径流小区的径流、泥沙及有机碳流失量进行了分析。结果表明:在不同土地利用方式下,产流、产沙量与植被覆盖度呈负相关关系;随径流流失的可溶性有机碳量表现为:坡耕地&gt;刈割草地&gt;草地&gt;刈割灌木地&gt;灌木地&gt;刺槐林地小区,随泥沙流失的有机碳量表现为:坡耕地&gt;草地&gt;灌木&gt;刺槐林地。随泥沙流失的土壤有机碳占总流失量的主要部分,而随径流流失的有机碳只占很少的比例。因此,增加黄土坡面植被覆盖度是控制产流、产沙量和有机碳流失的重要途径

Ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ｏｆ Ｓｏｉｌ Ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ Ｃａｒｂｏｎ ａｎｄ

对黄土丘陵区植被恢复中柳枝稷、长芒草和白羊草这3种典型草地土壤有机碳、微生物量碳以及团聚体中有机碳的含量变化和分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,土壤中有机碳、微生物量碳以及不同粒级团聚体中有机碳均集中分布在土壤的表层;不同草地类型下有机碳的含量大小顺序为:柳枝稷草地&gt;长芒草草地&gt;白羊草草地;相同土层深度土壤各粒级团聚体中有机碳的分布表现为2～1mm粒级团聚体中有机碳含量明显高于其它粒级中有机碳的含量;在3种典型草地中,柳枝稷草地土壤中有机碳含量和团聚体中有机碳含量高于长芒草和白羊草草地的含量,柳枝稷草地土壤微生物量碳的含量仅低于长芒草中的含量。Ａ　ｓｔｕｄｙ　ｗａｓ　ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ　ｔｏ　ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｔｏｔａｌ　ｓｏｉｌ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ，ｓｏｉｌ　ｍｉｃｒｏｂｉａｌｂｉｏｍａｓｓ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ｉｎ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ　ｓｉｚｅ　ｓｏｉｌ　ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｅｓ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｒｅｅ　ｔｙｐｉｃａｌ　ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｓ　ｔｈａｔ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｄｏｍｉｎａｔｅｄ　ｂｙ　Ｐａｎｉｃｕｍ　ｖｉｒｇａｔｕｍ，Ｂｏｔｈｒｉｏｃｈｉａ　ｉｓｃｈａｅｍｕｍ，Ｓｔｉｐａ　ｂｕｎｇｅａｎａ　ｉｎ　ｈｉｌｌｙ－ｇｕｌｌｙ　ｒｅｇｉｏｎ　ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　ＬｏｅｓｓＰｌａｔｅａｕ．Ｔｈｅ　ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ　ｓｈｏｗｅｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｏｔａｌ　ｓｏｉｌ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ，ｓｏｉｌ　ｍｉｃｒｏｂｉａｌ　ｂｉｏｍａｓｓ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ　ｉｎ　ｓｏｉｌ　ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｅｓ　ｗａｓ　ｈｉｇｈｅｒ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｏｉｌ　ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ　ｔｈａｎ　ｉｎ　ｏｔｈｅｒ　ｌａｙｅｒｓ．Ｔｈｅ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ　ｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ　ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｓ　ｉｎ　ａ　ｄｅｓｃｅｎｄｉｎｇ　ｏｒｄｅｒ　ｗｅｒｅ　Ｐａｎｉｃｕｍ　ｖｉｒｇａｔｕｍ ＞Ｂｏｔｈｒｉｏｃｈｉａ　ｉｓｃｈａｅｍｕｍ ＞Ｓｔｉｐａ　ｂｕｎｇｅａｎａ．Ａ　ｃｌｅａｒ　ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ　ｗａｓ　ｆｏｕｎｄ　ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｉｚｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｓｏｉｌ　ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｅｓ．２～１ｍｍ　ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｅｓ　ｈａｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｈｉｇｈｅｓｔ　ｓｏｉｌ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ．Ｔｈｅ　ｔｏｔａｌ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ　ａｎｄ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ　ｉｎ　ｓｏｉｌ　ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｅｓ　ｉｎ　Ｐａｎｉｃｕｍ　ｖｉｒｇａｔｕｍ ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｈｉｇｈｅｒ　ｔｈａｎ　ｔｈｏｓｅ　ｉｎ　Ｂｏｔｈｒｉｏｃｈｉａ　ｉｓｃｈａｅｍｕｍｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ　ａｎｄ　Ｓｔｉｐａ　ｂｕｎｇｅａｎａ　ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ，ｗｈｉｌｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｉｃｒｏｂｉａｌ　ｂｉｏｍａｓｓ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ　ｗａｓ　ｌｏｗｅｒ　ｔｈａｎ　ｔｈａｔ　ｉｎＢｏｔｈｒｉｏｃｈｉａ　ｉｓｃｈａｅｍｕｍ ｂｕｔ　ｈｉｇｈｅｒ　ｔｈａｎ　ｔｈａｔ　ｉｎ　Ｓｔｉｐａ　ｂｕｎｇｅａｎａ　ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ

Ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ｏｆ Ｓｏｉｌ Ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ Ｃａｒｂｏｎ ａｎｄ

对黄土丘陵区植被恢复中柳枝稷、长芒草和白羊草这3种典型草地土壤有机碳、微生物量碳以及团聚体中有机碳的含量变化和分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,土壤中有机碳、微生物量碳以及不同粒级团聚体中有机碳均集中分布在土壤的表层;不同草地类型下有机碳的含量大小顺序为:柳枝稷草地&gt;长芒草草地&gt;白羊草草地;相同土层深度土壤各粒级团聚体中有机碳的分布表现为2～1mm粒级团聚体中有机碳含量明显高于其它粒级中有机碳的含量;在3种典型草地中,柳枝稷草地土壤中有机碳含量和团聚体中有机碳含量高于长芒草和白羊草草地的含量,柳枝稷草地土壤微生物量碳的含量仅低于长芒草中的含量。Ａ　ｓｔｕｄｙ　ｗａｓ　ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ　ｔｏ　ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｔｏｔａｌ　ｓｏｉｌ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ，ｓｏｉｌ　ｍｉｃｒｏｂｉａｌｂｉｏｍａｓｓ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ｉｎ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ　ｓｉｚｅ　ｓｏｉｌ　ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｅｓ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｒｅｅ　ｔｙｐｉｃａｌ　ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｓ　ｔｈａｔ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｄｏｍｉｎａｔｅｄ　ｂｙ　Ｐａｎｉｃｕｍ　ｖｉｒｇａｔｕｍ，Ｂｏｔｈｒｉｏｃｈｉａ　ｉｓｃｈａｅｍｕｍ，Ｓｔｉｐａ　ｂｕｎｇｅａｎａ　ｉｎ　ｈｉｌｌｙ－ｇｕｌｌｙ　ｒｅｇｉｏｎ　ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　ＬｏｅｓｓＰｌａｔｅａｕ．Ｔｈｅ　ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ　ｓｈｏｗｅｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｏｔａｌ　ｓｏｉｌ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ，ｓｏｉｌ　ｍｉｃｒｏｂｉａｌ　ｂｉｏｍａｓｓ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ　ｉｎ　ｓｏｉｌ　ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｅｓ　ｗａｓ　ｈｉｇｈｅｒ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｏｉｌ　ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ　ｔｈａｎ　ｉｎ　ｏｔｈｅｒ　ｌａｙｅｒｓ．Ｔｈｅ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ　ｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ　ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｓ　ｉｎ　ａ　ｄｅｓｃｅｎｄｉｎｇ　ｏｒｄｅｒ　ｗｅｒｅ　Ｐａｎｉｃｕｍ　ｖｉｒｇａｔｕｍ ＞Ｂｏｔｈｒｉｏｃｈｉａ　ｉｓｃｈａｅｍｕｍ ＞Ｓｔｉｐａ　ｂｕｎｇｅａｎａ．Ａ　ｃｌｅａｒ　ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ　ｗａｓ　ｆｏｕｎｄ　ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｉｚｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｓｏｉｌ　ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｅｓ．２～１ｍｍ　ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｅｓ　ｈａｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｈｉｇｈｅｓｔ　ｓｏｉｌ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ．Ｔｈｅ　ｔｏｔａｌ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ　ａｎｄ　ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ　ｃａｒｂｏｎｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ　ｉｎ　ｓｏｉｌ　ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｅｓ　ｉｎ　Ｐａｎｉｃｕｍ　ｖｉｒｇａｔｕｍ ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｈｉｇｈｅｒ　ｔｈａｎ　ｔｈｏｓｅ　ｉｎ　Ｂｏｔｈｒｉｏｃｈｉａ　ｉｓｃｈａｅｍｕｍｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ　ａｎｄ　Ｓｔｉｐａ　ｂｕｎｇｅａｎａ　ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ，ｗｈｉｌｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｉｃｒｏｂｉａｌ　ｂｉｏｍａｓｓ　ｃａｒｂｏｎ　ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ　ｗａｓ　ｌｏｗｅｒ　ｔｈａｎ　ｔｈａｔ　ｉｎＢｏｔｈｒｉｏｃｈｉａ　ｉｓｃｈａｅｍｕｍ ｂｕｔ　ｈｉｇｈｅｒ　ｔｈａｎ　ｔｈａｔ　ｉｎ　Ｓｔｉｐａ　ｂｕｎｇｅａｎａ　ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials

JUNO Sensitivity on Proton Decay p→νˉK+p\to \bar\nu K^+ Searches

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this paper, the potential on searching for proton decay in $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated.The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits to suppress the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ is 36.9% with a background level of 0.2 events after 10 years of data taking. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel

JUNO sensitivity on proton decay p → ν K + searches*

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this study, the potential of searching for proton decay in the $p\to \bar{\nu} K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated. The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits suppression of the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar{\nu} K^+$ is 36.9% ± 4.9% with a background level of $0.2\pm 0.05({\rm syst})\pm$$0.2({\rm stat})$ events after 10 years of data collection. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years of exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, which is competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel and complements the use of different detection technologies