Limit Analysis of Strain Softening Frames Allowing for Geometric Nonlinearity

This paper extends classical limit analysis to account for strain softening and 2nd-order geometric nonlinearity simultaneously. The formulation is an instance of the challenging class of socalled (nonconvex) mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints (MPECs). A penalty algorithm is proposed to solve the MPEC. A practical frame example is provided to illustrate the approach

Iterative limit analysis of structures within a scaled boundary finite element framework

This paper presents an iterative elastic analysis approach to determine the collapse load limit of structures. The proposed scheme is based on the use of a modified elastic compensation method, where the structure is modeled within a scaled boundary finite element framework. The formulation takes the general form of polygon scaled boundary finite elements, which overcomes the challenges associated with stress singularities and complex geometries. The approach provides coarse mesh accuracy and numerical stability under incompressibility conditions, and is suitable for large scale problems that often require a large number of iterations to converge to the collapse load solution. A number of successfully solved examples, one of which has been given herein, illustrate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed method to compute the collapse load of structures

A scaled boundary polygon formulation for elasto-plastic analyses

This study presents a novel scaled boundary polygon formulation to model elasto-plastic material responses in structures. The polygons have flexible mesh generation capabilities and are more accurate than standard finite elements, especially for problems with cracks and notches. Shape functions of arbitrary n-sided polygons are constructed using the scaled boundary finite element method. These shape functions are conforming and linearly complete. When modeling a crack, strain singularities are analytically modeled without enrichment. Standard finite element procedures are used to formulate the stiffness matrix and residual load vector. The nonlinear material constitutive matrix and the internal stresses are approximated locally in each polygon by a polynomial function. The stiffness matrix and the residual load vector are matrix power integrals that can be evaluated analytically even when a strain singularity is present. Standard nonlinear equation solvers e.g. the modified Newton–Raphson algorithm are used to obtain the nonlinear response of the structure. The proposed formulation is validated using several numerical benchmarks

A cell-based smoothed finite element method for kinematic limit analysis

This paper presents a new numerical procedure for kinematic limit analysis problems, which incorporates the cell-based smoothed finite element method with second-order cone programming. The application of a strain smoothing technique to the standard displacement finite element both rules out volumetric locking and also results in an efficient method that can provide accurate solutions with minimal computational effort. The non-smooth optimization problem is formulated as a problem of minimizing a sum of Euclidean norms, ensuring that the resulting optimization problem can be solved by an efficient second-order cone programming algorithm. Plane stress and plane strain problems governed by the von Mises criterion are considered, but extensions to problems with other yield criteria having a similar conic quadratic form or 3D problems can be envisaged

From bits to bites: Advancement of the Germinate platform to support prebreeding informatics for crop wild relatives

Management and distribution of experimental data from prebreeding projects is important to ensure uptake of germplasm into breeding and research programs. Being able to access and share this data in standard formats is essential. The adoption of a common informatics platform for crops that may have limited resources brings economies of scale, allowing common informatics components to be used across multiple species. The close integration of such a platform with commonly used breeding software, visualization, and analysis tools reduces the barrier for entry to researchers and provides a common framework to facilitate collaborations and data sharing. This work presents significant updates to the Germinate platform and highlights its value in distributing prebreeding data for 14 crops as part of the project ‘Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives’ (hereafter Crop Trust Crop Wild Relatives project) led by the Crop Trust (https://www.cwrdiversity.org). The addition of data on these species compliments data already publicly available in Germinate. We present a suite of updated Germinate features using examples from these crop species and their wild relatives. The use of Germinate within the Crop TrustCropWildRelatives project demonstrates the usefulness of the system and the benefits a shared informatics platform provides. These data resources provide a foundation on which breeding and research communities can develop additional online resources for their crops, harness new data as it becomes available, and benefit collectively from future developments of the Germinate platform

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

COMPLEMENTARITY PROBLEMS IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS: MODELS AND SOLUTION

A large class of problems in engineering mechanics involves a so-called ?complementarity? relationship representing the orthogonality of two sign-constrained vectors. Typical instances are plasticity laws and contact-like conditions. For state problems, the formulation leads to a mixed complementarity problem (MCP) whereas in synthesis (e.g. minimum weight design) or identification problems, a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) is obtained. The aim of this paper is two-fold. Firstly, it describes, through two typical models, how some important engineering mechanics problems can be formulated elegantly and naturally as either an MCP or an MPEC. Secondly, it describes a powerful computer-oriented environment for constructing and solving these mathematical programming problems, with features such as sparsity and automatic differentiation facilities being transparently accessible. This involves the use of the modeling language GAMS (an acronym for General Algebraic Modeling System) and its associated mathematical programming solvers (e.g. the industry standard MCP solver PATH). A simple generic model suitable for solving the state problem for trusses is used to clarify the syntax of GAMS models and to illustrate the ease with which they can be built and solved