Long life reliability thermal control systems study

The results of a program undertaken to conceptually design and evaluate a passive, high reliability, long life thermal control system for space station application are presented. The program consisted of four steps: (1) investigate and select potential thermal system elements; (2) conceive, evaluate and select a thermal control system using these elements; (3) conduct a verification test of a prototype segment of the selected system; and (4) evaluate the utilization of waste heat from the power supply. The result of this project is a conceptual thermal control system design which employs heat pipes as primary components, both for heat transport and temperature control. The system, its evaluation, and the test results are described

The function of the lateral hypothalamus with regard to gustatory and reward related processes

The lateral hypothalamus (LH) has been shown to be involved in consummatory behaviour by a number of different experimental techniques including behavioural and electrophysiological methods. Lesion studies indicate that loss of the LH does not significantly alter normal feeding and drinking in the home cage, responding to food and water deprivation or responding to glucose or salt adulteration of the diet. However, when injected with dehydrating, dipsogenic or glucoprivic agents, the so called needle challenges, LH lesioned rats failed to respond as sham lesioned rats. This is despite the fact that the injections described induced the same deficits in homeostasis as food and water deprivation. Both sets of challenges are cued by internal visceral signals but only deprivation has additional environmental cues; animals are aware that their food or water are missing and may even anticipate its return. These different types of cues may be conveyed by different neural pathways and it has been proposed that lesioning the LH removes a pathway whereby visceral signals reach higher neural structures thus accounting for why LH lesioned rats responded appropriately to deprivation but not needle challenges. The present study examined the hypothesis that the LH acts as a gateway for signals concerning internal state to reach structures involved in behavioural planning and action. This was tested by the use of tests known to be susceptible to damage or change in the paraventricular system, responsible for monitoring the internal milieu, and frontostriatal systems responsible for behavioural planning and execution. The functions known to be dependent on the paraventricular system which were tested were conditioned taste aversion, benzodiazepine induced hyperphagia and taste perception but no deficits were found in responding in any of these procedures as a result of lesioning the LH. The functions known to be dependent on frontostriatal systems that were examined with LH lesioned rats were conditioned reinforcement and conditioned place preference but again few deficits were found. Hence, the present study failed to provide evidence to substantiate the hypothesis that the LH stands as an interface between the paraventricular system and frontostriatal systems. However, it did provide evidence that lesioning the LH induces deficits in consummatory responses dependent on the circumstances of the tests

Is the good life the easy life?

ABSTRACT. Three studies examined folk concepts of the good life. Participants rated the desirability and moral goodness of a life as a function of the happiness, meaning, and effort experienced. Happiness and meaning were solid predictors of the good life, replicating King and Napa (1998). Study 1 (N = 381) included wealth as an additional factor. Results showed little desire for exorbitant (over moderate) wealth, but also a desire to avoid poverty. When effort was operationalized as number of hours worked, respondents desired the easy life, particularly at moderate levels of income. When effort was operationalized as effortful engagement (Study 2), 186 undergraduates and 178 community adults rated the hardworking life as morally superior to the easy life. Community adults preferred meaningful lives of ease, while college students preferred meaningful lives that involved effort. Study 3 (N = 359) found the meaningful, effortful life was rated as most morally good, and the happy effortful life was rated as most desirable, happy, and meaningful. The role of hard work in naïve notions of The Good Life is discussed. A number of potential components of the good life require effort – namely, economic success (Weber, 1930/1976), a sense of purpos

ELLIPSIS AS A MARKER OF INTERACTION IN SPOKEN DISCOURSE

In this article, we discuss strategies for interaction in spoken discourse, focusing on ellipsis phenomena in English. The data comes from the VOICE corpus of English as a Lingua Franca, and we analyse education data in the form of seminar and workshop discussions, working group meetings, interviews and conversations. The functions ellipsis carries in the data are Intersubjectivity, where participants develop and maintain an understanding in discourse; Continuers, which are examples of back channel support; Correction, both self- and other-initiated; Repetition; and Comments, which are similar to Continuers but do not have a back channel support function. We see that the first of these, Intersubjectivity, is by far the most popular, followed by Repetitions and Comments. These results are explained as consequences of the nature of the texts themselves, as some are discussions of presentations and so can be expected to contain many Repetitions, for example. The speech event is also an important factor, as events with asymmetrical power relations like interviews do not contain so many Continuers. Our clear conclusion is that the use of ellipsis is a strong marker of interaction in spoken discourse

Managing rapport in talk: using rapport sensitive incidents to explore the motivational concerns underlying the management of relations

This paper focuses on the motivational concerns that underlie the management of relations. In linguistics, the management of relations has been discussed extensively within politeness theory, and so the paper starts by identifying four key issues of controversy in politeness theory: (a) should ‘polite’ language use be explained in terms of face (e.g. Brown, Penelope, Levinson, Stephen C., 1987. Politeness. Some Universals in Language Usage, CUP, Cambridge. [Originally published as Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomenon. In: Goody, Esther, (Ed.), Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction. CUP, New York, 1978), conversational maxims (e.g. Leech, Geoffrey N., 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. Longman, London), and/or conversational rights (e.g. Fraser, Bruce, 1990. Perspectives on politeness. Journal of Pragmatics 14 (2), 219–236); (b) why are speech acts such as orders interpersonally sensitive — is it because they are a threat to our autonomy (Brown and Levinson, 1987 [1978]), or because of cost–benefit concerns (Leech, 1983); (c) is Brown and Levinson's concept of negative face too individually focused, and should a social identity component be included (Matsumoto, Yoshiko, 1988. Reexamination of the universality of face: politeness phenomena in Japanese. Journal of Pragmatics 12, 403–426); and (d) is face just a personal/individual concern or can it be a group concern (Gao, Ge, 1996. Self and other: a Chinese perspective on interpersonal relationships. In: Gudykunst, W.B., Ting-Toomey, S., Nishida, T. (Eds.), Communication in Personal Relationships Across Cultures, Sage, London. pp. 81–101.)? The paper then uses reports of authentic rapport sensitive incidents to throw light on these controversial issues and to find out the relational management concerns that people perceive in their everyday lives. It maintains that such data is important to politeness theory, because linguistic politeness needs to be studied within the situated social psychological context in which it occurs. The paper ends by presenting and arguing for a conceptual framework that draws a fundamental distinction between face and sociality rights, and that incorporates an independent/interdependent perspective, thus providing a more comprehensive framework for analysing the management of relations than is currently available

Cross-cultural Research

Edited by Matthias R. Mehl, Tamlin S. Conner</p

Metabolism and distribution of p,p'-DDT during flight of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys

This study evaluated the interactions of flight, fasting, and 1,1,1-trichloro-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p′-DDT) loading on residue metabolism and distribution in recently exposed white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys). Female sparrows were dosed with 5 mg p,p′-DDT per kg body weight over 3 d. Following 1 d of recovery, sparrows were flown in a wind tunnel for up to 140 min, in 15-min blocks. Food was withheld from the start of the flight period until birds were euthanized. DDT, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4 chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD), and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) were present in all tissues examined. 1-Chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene (DDµ), 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p′-DDη), and 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol (p,p′-DDOH) were not found. Fasting did not significantly affect the rate of residue increase over time in any of the tissues examined. When sparrows flew and fasted simultaneously, fasting seldom contributed to an increase in tissue residues. However, the length of time flown was significantly correlated with increasing toxicant concentrations in the brain, kidney, and liver, effectively demonstrating the potential for brief flights to enhance mobilization of DDT and its metabolites. Dose, flight, and fasting also increased residues in brain tissue. These contaminant redistributions may have important ramifications on the stresses experienced by migratory birds

Free Radicals Formed by H Atom Addition to Allenes as Determined by Muon Spin Spectroscopy

Allyl and vinyl radicals are important intermediates in diverse areas of chemistry, ranging from combustion to syn-thesis. However, questions remain about the competitive formation of these radicals from allenes. Here we present a study of proto-typical allyl and vinyl radicals formed by H atom addition to allenes. They were studied by forming the analogous muonium ad-ducts, since muonium (Mu) behaves as a light isotope of hydrogen, and muoniated species can be characterized by muon spin spec-troscopy. Two techniques were employed: Transverse-Field Muon Spin Resonance (TF-μSR), and Muon Level Crossing Reso-nance (μLCR), which allow for the measurement of muon hyperfine constants (hfcs) and other nuclear hfcs, respectively, and thus aid identification of the formed radicals. TF-μSR has already been used to determine that two radicals are formed by Mu addition to 1,1-dimethylallene, but μLCR techniques were undeveloped at the time of that study, so assignments were based on ESR data of similar allyl and vinyl radicals. We report here the muon spin spectroscopy of multiple radicals detected from positive muon irradi-ation of 1,1-dimethylallene and 1-methoxyallene in solution. The radicals were identified by comparison of muon and proton hfcs with ESR data and the results of DFT calculations. The conclusion is that muonium (and by extension, the H atom) can add to all three carbons of the allene system, albeit with preference for the central carbon