„110901“ : die erste cineastische Verarbeitung des 11. Septembers 2001

Wie nehmen Filme auf den 11. September 2001 Bezug? Thema des folgenden Aufsatzes ist der Episodenfilm „110901“, der sehr unterschiedliche Reaktionen ausgelöst hat. Nach einer Gesamtübersicht werden zwei der 11 Filmbeiträge genauer beschrieben

An analysis of the choice and use of weapons by Russia and Georgia in the 2008 South Ossetia conflict

In this minor dissertation, the use and choice of weapons employed during the armed conflict between Georgia and Russia in 2008 over South Ossetia will be analysed. Due to the fact that cluster munitions were used by both parties, and that they are a controversial weapon with regard the principles regulating the use and choice of weapons, section I of this dissertation will focus on them and their regulation in international law. Section II will focus on the facts concerning the 2008 conflict over and South Ossetia. Section III will look at the international humanitarian laws applicable and relevant to this dissertation. In sections IV, V, and VI arguments will be raised in order to attribute violations of international humanitarian law to Georgia, while countering foreseeable arguments which could be invoked against Russia. This dissertation will therefore only analyse the provisions when they are pertinent to that aim. The desired outcome of proceeding in such a manner is that since both the viewpoints of the claimant and the defendant will be analysed, an extended and well-rounded view on the law, its interpretation, controversies, opinions of established scholars and jurisprudence, will be given. The relevant principles relating to the use and choice of weapons which will be analysed are: the principle of discrimination (section IV), the principle of proportionality (section V), as well as the prohibition to cause superfluous harm (section VI). Certain specific issues such as human shields will also be looked at in the analysis of a particular attack. In the analysis of this conflict, both well-established arguments, as well as controversial or disputed ones, will be presented in order to support either side. This analysis will argue that Georgia violated international humanitarian law, while defending Russia's conduct, however, the arguments presented will remain coherent and not contradict each other. This paper's scope will be limited to analysing attacks which are sufficiently documented and imply a problem of use and choice of weapons; as opposed to the ones which solely purport an issue of military objective and were hit by a precise missile. Indeed, this dissertation focuses more on controversial weapons and whether they violate international humanitarian law solely by their inherent nature, that is, the mere choice of using them would be in violation of the law; or by their specific use in the attack. The four attacks analysed will allow an in depth analysis of the different aspects that the use and choice of weapons can entail; the 2 dissertation will therefore be limited to them and any further attack which do not bring to light any new arguments will not be investigated. The attacks which will be examined in the context of the conflict over South Ossetia occurred both in South Ossetia as well as non-disputed Georgian territory. These are: the one launched by Georgia using BM-21 Grads multiple rocket launchers on Tskhinvali and surrounding villages lasting from the night of the 7th of August until some point during the day of the 8th of August;1 the 9th of August attack where Georgia employed Mk-4 cluster munition rockets containing M85 submunitions over Gori district villages, the Roki tunnel and according to a witness, Dzara Road2; Russia's attack on Gori city on the 12th of August using an Iskander-M SS-26 cluster munition missile;3 as well as the firing of a few missiles on a school in Gori city by the Russian air force on the 9th of August.4 The entirety of the facts pertaining to the conflict are drawn from the report on the conflict carried out by Human Rights Watch entitled 'Up in Flames'.5 The analysis of the relevant provisions will proceed as follows: the rules will be analysed one by one, following the general introduction to the rule, general statements regarding its interpretation and application, the law will then be applied to the different attacks, given that enough facts are provided and that it pertains to the aim of the dissertation. If there are specific interpretations or applications of the law which are only relevant to one attack, it will be mentioned directly under said attack

Evaluation of initial diametric increase in different species of Pinus in the region of Santa Maria do Oeste (PR)

A avaliação de incremento diamétrico inicial em diferentes espécies de Pinus foi realizada em uma área pertencente à Ibema Cia Brasileira de Papel na Fazenda Festugato, na região Central do Estado do Paraná. Foram avaliadas espécies do gênero Pinus (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. & Golf., Pinus oocarpa Schiede, Pinus elliottii Engelm. e Pinus taeda L.), com idade de 4 anos, espaçamento inicial de 2,50 x 2,00 m. Para tanto, instalaram-se 12 unidades amostrais, cada unidade amostral com área de 360 m² e 3 repetições por espécie. O estudo tem objetivo comparar o desenvolvimento de duas espécies implantadas em grande escala na região “P. elliottii Engelm. e P. taeda L.” e duas espécies tropicais “P. caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. & Golf. e P. oocarpa Schiede”, bem como comparar com resultados de pesquisa de outros trabalhos em outras regiões. Foi realizado em computador teste de Bartlett, análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey para as variáveis sobrevivência, diâmetro e área basal. Através dos resultados obtidos, comprova-se que o P. taeda L. é a espécie mais produtiva para a região, seguida pelo P. oocarpa Schiede, P. caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. & Golf. e P. elliottii Engelm.. O P. taeda L. perde incremento diamétrico quando comparado ao P. caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. & Golf. e P. oocarpa Schiede em regiões mais quentes. O P. taeda L. é a espécie a ser implantada na região sul do Brasil, bem como o P. oocarpa Schiede e P. caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. & Golf. devem ser implantados em regiões mais quentes (Região Sudeste do Brasil).The evaluation of initial diametric increment in different species of Pinus was performed in the Central region of the Paraná State at a farm called Renato Festugato that is owned by the Ibema Brazilian Paper Company. Several species of Pinus (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. & Golf., Pinus oocarpa Schiede, Pinus elliottii Engelm. and Pinus taeda L.) were studied. Each study subject was 4 years old and the initial intervals were 2.50 per 2.00 m. The research objective was to compare the growth rate of two species implanted in large scale in the region “P. elliottii Engelm. and P. taeda L.” and two tropical species, “P. caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. & Golf. and P. oocarpa Schiede”, as well to compare these results with results of similar studies in other regions. In order to achieve the objective, 12 sample units were installed. Each sample unit had an area of 360 m² and included 3 samples of each species. Statistical tools were used, including the Bartlett test, variance analysis (ANOVA), and the Tukey test. Study variables included survival rate, diameter, and base area. The results showed that P. taeda L. is the most productive variety of Pinus for the region, followed by P. oocarpa Schiede, P. caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. & Golf., and P. elliottii Engelm.. In hotter regions P. taeda L. variety had smaller diameter when compared to P. caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. & Golf. and P. oocarpa Schiede. P. taeda L. is the best variety of Pinus for plantation in the tree farms of the south region of Brazil. P. oocarpa Schiede and P. caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. & Golf. are the most productive varieties for hotter regions (Southeastern Region of Brazil)

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS FOR CLASSIFICATION OF DENDROMETRIC AND ENERGETIC VARIABLES OF Eucalyptus benthamii

The objective of this study was to evaluate dendrometric data and energetic properties of E. benthamii, based on evaluations in plantations of different ages and regions of production, in Guarapuava-PR, through multivariate statistical analysis. The data refer to three regions (R1, R2 and R3) and ages (5, 6 and 7 years), were submitted to multivariate techniques: factor analysis, analysis of the main components and analysis of hierarchical grouping. The reduction in the dimensionality of the data was found containing only 5 attributes of the initial 13, which are (average DBH, average height, volume per hectare, basic density of wood and energy density), associated with two main components, capable of representing 95.22% of the data variance. The plantations in the R1 region with seven years of age showed excellent energetic properties, while the plantations in R2 region with seven years and R3 region with six years represent more productive areas, evaluated by dendrometric variables. It was also observed that plantations with older age and higher basic wood density have higher quality for energy use. It can be concluded that the cluster analysis was adequate to efficiently stratify regions and ages with higher and lower productivity, as well as those with better energetic properties

DETERMINATION OF E. benthamii PROPERTIES BY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND PLS

Considering the interest in the Eucalyptus benthamii species and the search for alternatives to determine some physical properties in a fast and reliable way, the objective of this study was to build multivariate calibration models through the near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) technique and partial least squares regression (PLS) for wood basic density (BD) and chip moisture (U). Trees were sampled in five diametric classes and used to evaluate DB, as a function of 3 ages and 3 production regions of E. benthamii. We considered only plantations at 7 years of age in the harvest phase and chip samples considering pre-defined intervals of ten days, from the date of tree harvest to 90 days, in two seasons of the year (winter and spring) for moisture analysis. For DB and U, NIR models were calibrated and validated using partial least squares (PLS) regression. Calibration models were evaluated by correlation coefficients (R²), root mean square error (RMSE), and variance performance ratio (RPD). The models for near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy showed R² values ranging from 0.60 to 0.68 for basic density and 0.72 for moisture. The best model for DB observed was the one that considered only the DAP samples. It was concluded that the NIR technique was suitable for estimating the properties of moisture and wood density in this evaluated species, E. benthamii.                                                                                                                                                                    

Editorial

Nas Universidades, existem os três grandes pilares que envolvem a atividade universitária, ou seja: ENSINO, PESQUISA e a EXTENSÃO, sendo que da junção dos três ocorre uma complementação para a formação acadêmica. A pesquisa geralmente é conduzida por professores-pesquisadores, pós-graduandos e alunos de iniciação científica. A construção do projeto de Universidade no Brasil sempre tencionou o avanço da pesquisa e por sua vez da ciência. Contudo, sabe-se que mais fortalecidas, e em evidência se encontram as atividades de ensino, devido a necessidade urgente de formação dos quadros profissionais. No entanto, as atividades de extensão e de pesquisa, são conduzidas por grupos de professores, principalmente os universitários que entregam parte de sua vida, tempo e saúde para somar ao que acreditam ser inovador, didático e ao mesmo tempo superador do conhecimento já construído. Assim, buscam desenvolver suas atividades dentro de uma nova ética, que ultrapassa os conceitos da micro-ética liberal, ou seja, uma ética que não confere direitos somente àqueles à quem se pode impor obrigações. Pois, segundo o princípio pós-moderno de responsabilidade, tanto a natureza quanto o futuro têm direitos sem ter deveres. Desta forma, acredito que desenvolver atividades de pesquisa que envolvem tanto a natureza quanto o futuro, desencadeiam numa atividade amorosa que faz com que os pesquisadores não consigam separar ou dividir suas ações entre atividades profissionais e atividades de pesquisa. São como seres mordidos, que depois desta feita nunca mais serão curados. Estes conforme suas possibilidades e o momento vivenciado transformam e fortalecem outras áreas, ações e atividades e inclusive outras pesquisas. Assim, a gestão de pesquisa é uma energia tão vital para as suas vidas, que o agir profissional dificilmente impõe limites entre o viver, o ser, e o ser pesquisador. Por fim, o pesquisar e a divulgação dos resultados das pesquisas se impõem naturalmente e transforma vidas. Pois, a cada ideia existe mais uma chance de pesquisar. E a cada pesquisa mais chance de dividir partilhar e buscar parcerias. Assim, foi o viver do tão notável Professor, Pesquisador, Dr. Attilio Antonio Disperati. Que ao dispor de suas capacidades em favor da Sociedade, da UNICENTRO, da internacionalização da Revista Ambiência, pode participar e ao mesmo tempo elevar a qualidade de colaborador e construtor de uma pesquisa que iniciava dentro da área da Engenharia Florestal nesta instituição. Desta forma, há que reconhecer o trabalho e a dedicação que impulsionou e desenvolveu esta área e a contribuição para as demais atividades desta instituição. Inclusive do seu próprio reconhecimento. Há que se dizer que colegas e amigos puderam observar que enquanto houve um sopro de vida, o tornava mais pesquisador pela condição de colaborador árduo que fez da ciência, da pesquisa do ensino e da extensão o motivo de sua própria existência e assim, posso afirmar que desde colega e amigo os resultados das suas atividades profissionais e de pesquisador, somam-se às qualidades de ser humano, acrescendo ainda mais os atributos de pai amoroso, filho dedicado, amigo fiel e esposo inesquecível. Adeus Attilio. Que sua memória fique gravada, com letra e tinta e sentimento que carregam no coração aqueles que te conheceram.Prof. Dr. Luciano Farinha Watzlawic

Estimativa de biomassa e carbono em Floresta Ombrófila Mista e plantaçoes florestais a partir de dados de imagens do satélite IKONOS II

ApendicesOrientador: Flávio Felipe KirchnerTese(doutorado)- Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Ciencias Agrárias. Curso de Pós-Graduaçao em Engenharia FlorestalInclui bibliografiaÁrea de concentraçao: Manejo FlorestalO presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral desenvolver metodologia utilizando imagens do satélite IKONOS II para realizar estimativas de biomassa e carbono orgânico em plantações de Pinus taeda e Araucaria angustifolia, e na Floresta Ombrófila Mista Montana. O estudo foi desenvolvido no município de General Carneiro (PR) na propriedade pertencente às Indústrias Pedro N. Pizzato Ltda. O desenvolvimento metodológico foi realizado inicialmente com a caracterização dos aspectos estruturais da floresta natural; quantificação da biomassa e do carbono orgânico nas plantações e na floresta natural, na vegetação arbórea, arbustiva, serapilheira acumulada e nas raízes; análise estatística (matriz de correlação) das bandas e índices de vegetação com os dados de biomassa e carbono orgânico; ajuste e seleção de equações para estimar a biomassa e o carbono orgânico (variáveis dependentes) em função de variáveis provenientes das imagens de satélite, sendo a reflectância das bandas MS-1, MS-2, MS-3, MS-4, Razão de Bandas (MS-4/MS-3), NDVI e SAVI (variáveis independentes); e a espacialização e quantificação das variáveis dependentes para toda a área de estudo. Os resultados da análise estatística mostraram uma alta relação entre a biomassa e carbono orgânico, as quais possuem média correlação com as variáveis digitais MS-4, Razão, NDVI e SAVI. Com a realização da regressão stepwise foram selecionadas equações que melhor explicassem as variáveis biomassa e carbono orgânico de Pinus taeda e Araucaria angustifolia, e na Floresta Ombrófila Mista Montana. As estimativas das variáveis dendrométricas consideradas utilizando-se de imagens provenientes do satélite IKONOS II, apresentaram resultados bastante satisfatórios, possibilitando com que as mesmas possam ser realizadas, necessitando para tanto que modelos matemáticos sejam ajustados. Ressalta-se a importância da utilização das técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e SIG nas estimativas, visto que as mesmas possibilitam realizar quantificações utilizando métodos não destrutivos, bem como realizar a espacialização das informações, tornando-se uma ferramenta útil também com finalidade de monitoramento.The main goal of the present work was to develop a methodology for estimating biomass and organic carbon through the use of IKONOS II satellite images, applied for plantations areas of Pinus taeda, Araucaria angustifolia, and for Mixed Ombrophilous Forest area. The study was developed at General Carneiro, State of Paraná, Brazil, in areas belonging to the Pedro Pizzato Industries. The methodological development was composed by the characterization of the structural traits of the natural forest, biomass and carbon determination in the study areas contemplating trees, shrubby, litter and roots of the vegetation; correlation analysis for the satellite spectral band reflectance and vegetation indexes with ground biomass and organic carbon; fitting and testing of regression equations for estimation of ground biomass and organic carbon as function of image variables represented by spectral band reflectance MS-1, MS-2, MS-3, MS-4, MS-4/MS-3 ratio, NDVI and SAVI; spatialization of the estimated values for the study areas. The statistical results showed high correlation between ground biomass and organic carbon, and medium correlation with spectral band reflectance MS-4, MS-4/MS-3 ratio, NDVI and SAVI. The best equations for predicting ground biomass and organic carbon were selected by methods stepwise regression. The estimation of the dendrometric variables using data from IKONOS II satellite images, showed satisfactory results, allowing their use when mathematical models are adjusted for the specific situations. Of relevance is the importance of the use of remote sensing and GIS procedures for obtaining the estimates, once they allow quantification by the use of non destructive methods, as well as allowing quick information spatialization, being an useful procedure aiming monitoring of forest areas

Análise da Viabilidade de Aplicação de Imagem Obtida a Partir de Videografia Multiespectral para Mapeamentos Florestais

The objective of present paper was to test the applicability of imagesobtained from multispectrtal videograph for digital processing aiming at forestareas mapping. It was used SONY CANCORDER HANDYCANN (8mm) videoequipped with special filters green (550 nm), red (650 nm) and infrared (720 nm)during the flight to take images. The images were arranged in mosaic andgeometrically corrected and then digitally classified. As a result of digitalclassification it was obtained the following themes: native forest, grass, grasstree,brushwood, soil, agriculture and building. With reached results in theclassification it is possible to conclude that the use of multispectral videoimages for forest mapping is feasible. The video cameras represent one morenon-conventional sensor to obtain images for processing in remote sensing.O presente trabalho teve como objetivo testar a aplicabilidade deimagens obtidas de videografia multiespectral, para processamento digital visandoo mapeamento de áreas florestais. Para tanto realizou-se sobrevôo paraaquisição das imagens, utilizando-se câmara de vídeo SONY CANCORDERHANDYCANN (8mm) equipada com filtros espectrais verde (550 nm), vermelho(650 nm) e infravermelho próximo (720 nm). Após obtidas as imagens, estasforam mosaicadas e corrigidas geometricamente para depois serem classificadasdigitalmente. Obteve-se como resultados da classificação digital os seguintestemas: floresta nativa, grama, arbusto-grama, capoeira, solo exposto,lavoura, calçamento e edificações. Com os resultados alcançados pela classificação,pode-se concluir que a utilização de imagens de vídeo multiespectraispara fins de mapeamentos florestais é viável. As câmaras de vídeo representammais um sensor não convencional para fins de aquisição de imagens a seremprocessadas em sensoriamento remoto

Managing rapport in talk: using rapport sensitive incidents to explore the motivational concerns underlying the management of relations

This paper focuses on the motivational concerns that underlie the management of relations. In linguistics, the management of relations has been discussed extensively within politeness theory, and so the paper starts by identifying four key issues of controversy in politeness theory: (a) should ‘polite’ language use be explained in terms of face (e.g. Brown, Penelope, Levinson, Stephen C., 1987. Politeness. Some Universals in Language Usage, CUP, Cambridge. [Originally published as Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomenon. In: Goody, Esther, (Ed.), Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction. CUP, New York, 1978), conversational maxims (e.g. Leech, Geoffrey N., 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. Longman, London), and/or conversational rights (e.g. Fraser, Bruce, 1990. Perspectives on politeness. Journal of Pragmatics 14 (2), 219–236); (b) why are speech acts such as orders interpersonally sensitive — is it because they are a threat to our autonomy (Brown and Levinson, 1987 [1978]), or because of cost–benefit concerns (Leech, 1983); (c) is Brown and Levinson's concept of negative face too individually focused, and should a social identity component be included (Matsumoto, Yoshiko, 1988. Reexamination of the universality of face: politeness phenomena in Japanese. Journal of Pragmatics 12, 403–426); and (d) is face just a personal/individual concern or can it be a group concern (Gao, Ge, 1996. Self and other: a Chinese perspective on interpersonal relationships. In: Gudykunst, W.B., Ting-Toomey, S., Nishida, T. (Eds.), Communication in Personal Relationships Across Cultures, Sage, London. pp. 81–101.)? The paper then uses reports of authentic rapport sensitive incidents to throw light on these controversial issues and to find out the relational management concerns that people perceive in their everyday lives. It maintains that such data is important to politeness theory, because linguistic politeness needs to be studied within the situated social psychological context in which it occurs. The paper ends by presenting and arguing for a conceptual framework that draws a fundamental distinction between face and sociality rights, and that incorporates an independent/interdependent perspective, thus providing a more comprehensive framework for analysing the management of relations than is currently available