Views of teachers and students about EMI at a Brazilian federal university: implications for language policy

Internationalization is listed as one of the main goals of the Federal University of Santa Maria in its Institutional Development Plan for the period of 2016-2026, and the use of English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) is pointed out in the document as one of the strategies to achieve this goal. Although it is unofficially known in the institution that graduate classes in some areas are already taught in English, there is no systematic information about these experiences nor an official policy about EMI. The present work attempts to contribute to fill this gap as it reports the main results of an online survey about interests, perspectives and needs in relation to EMI at the university. The survey included professors and students and the data were mainly analyzed quantitatively, in order to establish general patterns within each group and comparisons across groups. The results showed that both professors and students express interest in engaging in EMI classes, but that policy regulation and language support programs are seen as necessary measures to implement it

Ultrasound ceramic transducer arrays : control, transmission and reception circuits

Orientador: Eduardo Tavares CostaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de ComputaçãoResumo: Os equipamentos de imagem por ultra-som associam diferentes técnicas e provêm informações não só das estruturas anatômicas como também do estado funcional dos diversos sistemas, em tempo real, com excelente qualidade de imagem. Isto se deve ao desenvolvimento de transdutores cada vez mais aprimorados e, ainda, da utilização de eletrônica digital, analógica e mista com microprocessadores, processadores digitais de sinais (DSPs - digital signal processors) e lógica programável (FPGAs - field programmable gate arrays) cada vez mais rápidos e potentes, aliados à utilização de novas técnicas de processamento digital de sinais e de imagens. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de circuitos de acionamento de elementos cerâmicos de transdutores matriciais. Estes circuitos são responsáveis pela geração e recepção de ondas ultra-sônicas e foram desenvolvidos utilizando técnicas de projetos específicos de placas de circuito impresso de alta freqüência e multicamadas. Foram utilizados componentes SMD (surface-mounted devices) para redução do tamanho do hardware. O sistema é formado por um circuito de controle, uma placa de interligação, uma fonte de alimentação com 10 níveis de tensão, e duas placas de circuito impresso (PCI) contendo os circuitos de transmissão e de recepção (4 canais) para transdutores de ultra-som matriciais. No circuito de controle foi utilizada a linguagem de descrição de hardware VHDL. Este circuito de controle é capaz de executar a variação de largura de pulso, taxa de repetição e defasagem de acionamento dos elementos do transdutor matricial para focalização e deflexão do feixe acústico. Os circuitos de transmissão geram pulsos de até +65V e são disparados pelos pulsos digitais do circuito de controle (mínimo de 20ns de largura). Os circuitos de proteção são eficientes atenuando os pulsos de alta tensão na entrada do circuito de recepção e permitindo a passagem dos ecos. Os circuitos de recepção são formados por circuitos integrados de tecnologia mista (analógico e digital) com faixa de passagem de 100 MHz, baixo ruído e ganho máximo de 70dB. Este ganho pode ser configurado através dos três estágios de amplificação independentes do componente utilizado (LNA, VCA e PGA). O sistema foi testado em laboratório e apresentou desempenho adequado, mostrando-se versátil, permitindo seu uso com transdutores matriciais e mostrando-se interessante ferramenta para laboratórios de ensino e pesquisa em ultra-som.Abstract: Ultrasound image equipments associate different techniques to provide not only anatomical but also functional information of body parts and organs in real time and with excellent image quality. This is due to great advances in transducer technology and also to digital and analog electronics with the use of microcomputers, digital signal processors (DSPs) and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) even faster and powerful, allied to new digital signal and image processing techniques. The objective of the present work was the development and construction of circuits to actuate on piezoelectric ceramic transducer arrays. The circuits are able to generate and receive ultrasound waves and were developed with techniques for high frequency multilayer printed circuit boards. In order to reduce hardware size it was used surface mounted devices (SMD). The system consists of a control circuit, a interconnection board, power supply (10 different voltage), two four channel printed circuit boards with the transmission and reception circuits to be used with transducer arrays. It was used VHDL for hardware description language and the control circuit defines pulse width, repetition rate and temporal phasing for activation of each element of the transducer array enabling focusing and ultrasound beam in different directions. The transmission circuits generate pulses up to +65V that are triggered by the control circuit (20 ns minimum pulse width). The protection circuit is very efficient avoiding high tension electrical surges. The reception circuits have mixed technologies (analog and digital integrated circuits) with 100 MHz bandwidth , low noise and up to 70 dB gain. This gain can be programmed through 3 independent amplification stages (LNA, VCA and PGA). The system has been tested in laboratory and presented adequate performance, being versatile and allowing its use with array transducers becoming an interesting tool for education and research purposes.MestradoEngenharia BiomedicaMestre em Engenharia Elétric

A robust wavelet-based approach for dominant frequency analysis of atrial fibrillation in body surface signals

This is an author-created, un-copyedited versíon of an article published in Physiological Measurement. IOP Publishing Ltd is not responsíble for any errors or omissíons in this versíon of the manuscript or any versíon derived from it. The Versíon of Record is available online at https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/ab97c1.[EN] Objective: Atrial dominant frequency (DF) maps undergoing atrial fibrillation (AF) presented good spatial correlation with those obtained with the non-invasive body surface potential mapping (BSPM). In this study, a robust BSPM-DF calculation method based on wavelet analysis is proposed. Approach: Continuous wavelet transform along 40 scales in the pseudo-frequency range of 3¿30 Hz is performed in each BSPM signal using a Gaussian mother wavelet. DFs are estimated from the intervals between the peaks, representing the activation times, in the maximum energy scale. The results are compared with the traditionally widely applied Welch periodogram and the robustness was tested on different protocols: increasing levels of white Gaussian noise, artificial DF harmonics presence and reduction in the number of leads. A total of 11 AF simulations and 12 AF patients are considered in the analysis. For each patient, intracardiac electrograms were acquired in 15 locations from both atria. The accuracy of both methods was assessed by calculating the absolute errors of the highest DFBSPM (HDFBSPM) with respect to the atrial HDF, either simulated or intracardially measured, and assumed correct if ¿1 Hz. The spatial distribution of the errors between torso DFs and atrial HDFs were compared with atria driving mechanism locations. Torso HDF regions, defined as portions of the maps with |DF ¿ HDFBSPM| ¿ 0.5 Hz were identified and the percentage of the torso occuping these regions was compared between methods. The robustness of both methods to white Gaussian noise, ventricular influence and harmonics, and to lower spatial resolution BSPM lead layouts was analyzed: computer AF models (567 leads vs 256 leads down to 16 leads) and patient data (67 leads vs 32 and 16 leads). Main results: The proposed method allowed an improvement in non-invasive estimation of the atria HDF. For the models the median relative errors were 7.14% for the wavelet-based algorithm vs 60.00% for the Welch method; in patients, the errors were 10.03% vs 12.66%, respectively. The wavelet method outperformed the Welch approach in correct estimations of atrial HDFs in models (81.82% vs 45.45%, respectively) and patients (66.67% vs 41.67%). A low positive BSPM-DF map correlation was seen between the techniques (0.47 for models and 0.63 for patients), highlighting the overall differences in DF distributions. The wavelet-based algorithm was more robust to white Gaussian noise, residual ventricular activity and harmonics, and presented more consistent results in lead layouts with low spatial resolution. Significance: Estimation of atrial HDFs using BSPM is improved by the proposed wavelet-based algorithm, helping to increase the non-invasive diagnostic ability in AF.This study was supported in part by grants from Sao Paulo Research Foundation (2017/19775-3), Instituto de Salud Carlos III FEDER (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional PI17/01106) and Generalitat Valenciana Grants (AICO/2018/267).Marques, V.; Rodrigo Bort, M.; Guillem Sánchez, MS.; Salinet, J. (2020). A robust wavelet-based approach for dominant frequency analysis of atrial fibrillation in body surface signals. Physiological Measurement. 41(7):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/ab97c1S11441

Efeito residual de rochas brasileiras como fertilizantes e corretivos da acidez do solo.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito residual de rochas brasileiras aplicadas como fertilizantes e corretivos do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em Neossolo Quartarênico cultivado com soja em sucessão ao girassol sob condições de casa de vegetação, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco rochas (brecha alcalina, arenito vulcânico, carbonatito, biotita xisto e ultramáfica alcalina) aplicadas em doses correspondentes ao fornecimento de 150 mg kg-1 de K2O e tendo como referência, a fonte cloreto de potássio considerada como padrão, além de uma testemunha sem K. Os resultados mostraram que exceto a biotita xisto e a brecha alcalina, as rochas apresentaram poder alcalinizante do solo. O arenito vulcânico corrigiu a acidez do solo, mas não é indicado como fonte de K. A aplicação de altas quantidades de rochas ocasiona desbalanço dos nutrientes no solo. ABSTRACT: The objective this work was to evaluate de effect of rocks as fertilizers and soil acidity amendments. The experiment was carried out in an Ustoxic (Neossolo Quartzarênico) cultivated with soybean in succession with sunflower under greenhouse conditions, in an experimental randomized design with four replicates. The treatments consisted of five sources of rocks (alkaline breccia, volcanic sandstone, carbonatite, biotite schist and ultramaphic alkaline). The application of standard potassium closes of 150 mg kg-1 of K2O and the control without treatment. The results showed that rocks displayed soil alkalinizing capacity, except for biotite schist and alkaline breccia. Volcanic sandstone corrected the soil acidity but it is not indicated as source of K, while the application of high amounts of rocks caused unbalance of soil nutrients

LÍNGUA INGLESA EM UM SYLLABUS DE FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES PARA O EMI E NO DISCURSO DOCENTE: UMA COMPARAÇÃO SOB O VIÉS DA GRAMÁTICA SISTÊMICO-FUNCIONAL

We aim at identifying how the English language and the EMI professor are represented in an interview with a lecturer practitioner of English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) and a syllabus of an EMI lecturer training course, and identifying how the syllabus projects the teacher as reader-in-the-text by overlapping ideational and interpersonal aspects. The words of interest were manually identified and classified according to the TRANSITIVITY (FUZER; CABRAL, 2010; HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2014) system of Systemic-Functional Grammar. We observed the lecturer reflected upon his language use in class to justify his choice, while the syllabus conceives the language as a tool and does not disclose whether it critically discusses this use.Objetivamos identificar como a língua inglesa e o docente são representados em uma entrevista com professor adepto ao Inglês como Meio de Instrução (EMI) e um programa de curso de formação docente para EMI, além de identificar como o programa projeta o docente como leitor-no-texto pela sobreposição de aspectos ideacionais e interpessoais. Os termos de interesse foram identificados manualmente e classificados de acordo com o sistema TRANSITIVIDADE (FUZER; CABRAL, 2010; HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2014) da Gramática Sistêmico-Funcional. Observamos que o professor reflete sobre o emprego da língua em sua aula para justificar-se, enquanto o programa trata a língua como ferramenta e não explicita se discute criticamente o uso da língua

Rochas brasileiras como fonte alternativa de potássio para cultura do girassol.

Não foi lançado no Pat de 2006

Non-invasive Mechanism Classification and Localization in Supraventricular Cardiac Arrhythmias

[EN] In this study, we investigated the most relevant biomarkers for noninvasive classification and mechanism location in atrial tachycardia (AT), flutter (AFL) and fibrillation (AF). Biomarkers were calculated using noninvasive body surface (BSPM) dominant frequency and phase maps. We used 19 simulations of 567 to 64-lead BSPMs, from which were extracted 32 biomarkers. Biomarker ranking was performed with ANOVA, Kendall and Lasso techniques. The best four biomarkers were identified and used to classify the arrhythmias in all combinations, and the best two used for noninvasive driver localization. Arrhythmia classification accuracy was 94.74%. The feature combination which best distinguish AF from non-AF were mean filament displacement and mean OI, while those that best distinguish AFL from AT were mean and SD of SP distribution. There was good agreement across ranking techniques. Mechanism location accuracy was 78.95%, with the most important biomarkers being percentage SPs within each torso division, and SD of filament histogram cluster area. This study highlights that organization related features well identifies AF and spatial SP distribution discriminate AT from AFL and also it¿s localization.VGM is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 860974. IS, JAS and JS are supported by grant #2018/25606-2, Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP).Sandoval, I.; Marques, VG.; Sims, JA.; Rodrigo, M.; Guillem Sánchez, MS.; Salinet, J. (2021). Non-invasive Mechanism Classification and Localization in Supraventricular Cardiac Arrhythmias. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.22489/CinC.2021.2261

Rochas brasileiras como fonte alternativa de potássio para a cultura do girassol.

RESUMO: O trabalho foi desenvolvido em casa-de-vegetação para avaliar a viabilidade técnica de utilização de rochas brasileiras como fontes alternativas de potássio para a cultura do girassol Helio 358 cultivado em vasos em dois solos, um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico e um Neossolo Quartzarênico. Os tratamentos foram dispostos no esquema fatorial (solos x fontes x doses) e delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As fontes de potássio, arenito vulcânico, brecha alcalina, carbonatito, biotita xisto e ultramáfica alcalina, além da fonte padrão cloreto de potássio (KCl) foram aplicadas nas doses de 0, 150 e 300 mg kg-1 de K2O. Avaliou-se a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas colhidas no início do florescimento (estádio R5), além das concentrações e do acúmulo de potássio nos tecidos. Tanto a produção quanto o acúmulo de potássio foram influenciados pelas fontes de potássio utilizadas. As rochas biotita xisto e a ultramáfica alcalina apresentaram os maiores potenciais de utilização, com eficiências comparáveis ao KCl já no primeiro ano de aplicação, para doses de 150 mg kg-1 de K2O ou superiores. ABSTRACT: A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of Brazilian rocks as alternative potassium source to sunflower Helio 358 cultivated in pots, in a Rhodic Hapludox and an Ustoxic Quartzipsamment. Treatments were displayed in a factorial scheme (soils x sources x rates) in a completely randomized blocks design with four replications. The sources of potassium, volcanic sandstone, alkaline breccia, carbonatite, biotite schist, alkaline ultramaphic and potassium chloride (KCl), as the standard fertilizer source, were applied in rates of 0, 150 e 300 mg kg-1 of K2 O. At beginning of flowering, yield of shoot dry matter and concentration and accumulation of potassium in plant tissues, besides levels of exchangeable potassium in soil were evaluated. Both yield and potassium accumulation were affected by potassium sources. Biotite schist and ultramaphic alkaline rocks showed the highest potential for use as alternative potassium source and efficiencies comparable to KCl, even in the first application year, for 150 mg kg-1 of K2O or higher rates

Standardizing Single-Frame Phase Singularity Identification Algorithms and Parameters in Phase Mapping During Human Atrial Fibrillation

[EN] Purpose Recent investigations failed to reproduce the positive rotor-guided ablation outcomes shown by initial studies for treating persistent atrial fibrillation (persAF). Phase singularity (PS) is an important feature for AF driver detection, but algorithms for automated PS identification differ. We aim to investigate the performance of four different techniques for automated PS detection. Methods 2048-channel virtual electrogram (VEGM) and electrocardiogram signals were collected for 30 s from 10 patients undergoing persAF ablation. QRST-subtraction was performed and VEGMs were processed using sinusoidal wavelet reconstruction. The phase was obtained using Hilbert transform. PSs were detected using four algorithms: (1) 2D image processing based and neighbor-indexing algorithm; (2) 3D neighbor-indexing algorithm; (3) 2D kernel convolutional algorithm estimating topological charge; (4) topological charge estimation on 3D mesh. PS annotations were compared using the structural similarity index (SSIM) and Pearson's correlation coefficient (CORR). Optimized parameters to improve detection accuracy were found for all four algorithms usingF(beta)score and 10-fold cross-validation compared with manual annotation. Local clustering with density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) was proposed to improve algorithms 3 and 4. Results The PS density maps created by each algorithm with default parameters were poorly correlated. Phase gradient threshold and search radius (or kernels) were shown to affect PS detections. The processing times for the algorithms were significantly different (p< 0.0001). TheF(beta)scores for algorithms 1, 2, 3, 3 + DBSCAN, 4 and 4 + DBSCAN were 0.547, 0.645, 0.742, 0.828, 0.656, and 0.831. Algorithm 4 + DBSCAN achieved the best classification performance with acceptable processing time (2.0 +/- 0.3 s). Conclusion AF driver identification is dependent on the PS detection algorithms and their parameters, which could explain some of the inconsistencies in rotor-guided ablation outcomes in different studies. For 3D triangulated meshes, algorithm 4 + DBSCAN with optimal parameters was the best solution for real-time, automated PS detection due to accuracy and speed. Similarly, algorithm 3 + DBSCAN with optimal parameters is preferred for uniform 2D meshes. Such algorithms - and parameters - should be preferred in future clinical studies for identifying AF drivers and minimizing methodological heterogeneities. This would facilitate comparisons in rotor-guided ablation outcomes in future works.This work was supported by the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, UK. XL received research grants from Medical Research Council UK (MRC DPFS Ref: MR/S037306/1). TA received research grants from the British Heart Foundation (BHF Project Grant No. PG/18/33/33780), BHF Research Accelerator Award funding and Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP, Brazil, Grant No. 2017/00319-8). MG research was funded by a research grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spain: PI13-00903). GN received funding from the British Heart Foundation (BHF Programme Grant, RG/17/3/32774).Li, X.; Almeida, TP.; Dastagir, N.; Guillem Sánchez, MS.; Salinet, J.; Chu, GS.; Stafford, PJ.... (2020). Standardizing Single-Frame Phase Singularity Identification Algorithms and Parameters in Phase Mapping During Human Atrial Fibrillation. Frontiers in Physiology. 11:1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00869S11611ALHUSSEINI, M., VIDMAR, D., MECKLER, G. L., KOWALEWSKI, C. A., SHENASA, F., WANG, P. J., … RAPPEL, W.-J. (2017). Two Independent Mapping Techniques Identify Rotational Activity Patterns at Sites of Local Termination During Persistent Atrial Fibrillation. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 28(6), 615-622. doi:10.1111/jce.13177Allessie, M. A., de Groot, N. M. S., Houben, R. P. M., Schotten, U., Boersma, E., Smeets, J. L., & Crijns, H. J. (2010). Electropathological Substrate of Long-Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Structural Heart Disease. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 3(6), 606-615. doi:10.1161/circep.109.910125Benharash, P., Buch, E., Frank, P., Share, M., Tung, R., Shivkumar, K., & Mandapati, R. (2015). Quantitative Analysis of Localized Sources Identified by Focal Impulse and Rotor Modulation Mapping in Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 8(3), 554-561. doi:10.1161/circep.115.002721BRAY, M.-A., LIN, S.-F., ALIEV, R. R., ROTH, B. J., & WIKSWO, J. P. (2001). Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Phase Singularity Dynamics in Cardiac Tissue. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 12(6), 716-722. doi:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2001.00716.xBray, M.-A., & Wikswo, J. P. (2002). Use of topological charge to determine filament location and dynamics in a numerical model of scroll wave activity. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 49(10), 1086-1093. doi:10.1109/tbme.2002.803516Buch, E., Share, M., Tung, R., Benharash, P., Sharma, P., Koneru, J., … Shivkumar, K. (2016). Long-term clinical outcomes of focal impulse and rotor modulation for treatment of atrial fibrillation: A multicenter experience. Heart Rhythm, 13(3), 636-641. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.10.031Canny, J. (1986). A Computational Approach to Edge Detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, PAMI-8(6), 679-698. doi:10.1109/tpami.1986.4767851Clayton, R. H., & Nash, M. P. (2015). Analysis of Cardiac Fibrillation Using Phase Mapping. Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics, 7(1), 49-58. doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2014.11.011Davis, J., & Goadrich, M. (2006). The relationship between Precision-Recall and ROC curves. Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on Machine learning - ICML ’06. doi:10.1145/1143844.1143874De Groot, N. M. S., Houben, R. P. M., Smeets, J. L., Boersma, E., Schotten, U., Schalij, M. J., … Allessie, M. A. (2010). Electropathological Substrate of Longstanding Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Structural Heart Disease. Circulation, 122(17), 1674-1682. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.910901Earley, M. J., Abrams, D. J. R., Sporton, S. C., & Schilling, R. J. (2006). Validation of the Noncontact Mapping System in the Left Atrium During Permanent Atrial Fibrillation and Sinus Rhythm. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 48(3), 485-491. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.04.069Gianni, C., Mohanty, S., Di Biase, L., Metz, T., Trivedi, C., Gökoğlan, Y., … Natale, A. (2016). Acute and early outcomes of focal impulse and rotor modulation (FIRM)-guided rotors-only ablation in patients with nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm, 13(4), 830-835. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.12.028GOJRATY, S., LAVI, N., VALLES, E., KIM, S. J., MICHELE, J., & GERSTENFELD, E. P. (2009). Dominant Frequency Mapping of Atrial Fibrillation: Comparison of Contact and Noncontact Approaches. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 20(9), 997-1004. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2009.01488.xGrandi, E., Pandit, S. V., Voigt, N., Workman, A. J., Dobrev, D., Jalife, J., & Bers, D. M. (2011). Human Atrial Action Potential and Ca 2+ Model. Circulation Research, 109(9), 1055-1066. doi:10.1161/circresaha.111.253955Gray, R. A., Pertsov, A. M., & Jalife, J. (1998). Spatial and temporal organization during cardiac fibrillation. Nature, 392(6671), 75-78. doi:10.1038/32164Guillem, M. S., Climent, A. M., Millet, J., Arenal, Á., Fernández-Avilés, F., Jalife, J., … Berenfeld, O. (2013). Noninvasive Localization of Maximal Frequency Sites of Atrial Fibrillation by Body Surface Potential Mapping. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 6(2), 294-301. doi:10.1161/circep.112.000167Guillem, M. S., Climent, A. M., Rodrigo, M., Fernández-Avilés, F., Atienza, F., & Berenfeld, O. (2016). Presence and stability of rotors in atrial fibrillation: evidence and therapeutic implications. Cardiovascular Research, 109(4), 480-492. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvw011Gurevich, D. R., & Grigoriev, R. O. (2019). Robust approach for rotor mapping in cardiac tissue. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 29(5), 053101. doi:10.1063/1.5086936HAISSAGUERRE, M., HOCINI, M., SHAH, A. J., DERVAL, N., SACHER, F., JAIS, P., & DUBOIS, R. (2013). Noninvasive Panoramic Mapping of Human Atrial Fibrillation Mechanisms: A Feasibility Report. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 24(6), 711-717. doi:10.1111/jce.12075Iyer, A. N., & Gray, R. A. (2001). An Experimentalist’s Approach to Accurate Localization of Phase Singularities during Reentry. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 29(1), 47-59. doi:10.1114/1.1335538Jalife, J. (2002). Mother rotors and fibrillatory conduction: a mechanism of atrial fibrillation. Cardiovascular Research, 54(2), 204-216. doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(02)00223-7Jalife, J., Filgueiras Rama, D., & Berenfeld, O. (2015). Letter by Jalife et al Regarding Article, «Quantitative Analysis of Localized Sources Identified by Focal Impulse and Rotor Modulation Mapping in Atrial Fibrillation». Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 8(5), 1296-1298. doi:10.1161/circep.115.003324Jarman, J. W. E., Wong, T., Kojodjojo, P., Spohr, H., Davies, J. E., Roughton, M., … Peters, N. S. (2012). Spatiotemporal Behavior of High Dominant Frequency During Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in the Human Left Atrium. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 5(4), 650-658. doi:10.1161/circep.111.967992Kuklik, P., Zeemering, S., Maesen, B., Maessen, J., Crijns, H. J., Verheule, S., … Schotten, U. (2015). Reconstruction of Instantaneous Phase of Unipolar Atrial Contact Electrogram Using a Concept of Sinusoidal Recomposition and Hilbert Transform. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 62(1), 296-302. doi:10.1109/tbme.2014.2350029Identification of Rotors during Human Atrial Fibrillation Using Contact Mapping and Phase Singularity Detection: Technical Considerations. (2017). IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 64(2), 310-318. doi:10.1109/tbme.2016.2554660Lee, Y.-S., Song, J.-S., Hwang, M., Lim, B., Joung, B., & Pak, H.-N. (2016). A New Efficient Method for Detecting Phase Singularity in Cardiac Fibrillation. PLOS ONE, 11(12), e0167567. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167567Li, X., Chu, G. S., Almeida, T. P., Salinet, J. L., Dastagir, N., Mistry, A. R., … André Ng, G. 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