Freeze-out in hydrodynamical models in relativistic heavy ion collisions

Freeze-out of particles across 3-dimensional space-time hypersurface with space-like normal is discussed in a simple kinetic model. The final momentum distribution of emitted particles shows a non-exponential transverse momentum spectrum, which is in quantitative agreement with recently measured SPS pion and $h^-$ spectra.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure. Quark Matter'99 Proceeding

Complementary cooperation, minimal winning coalitions, and power indices

We introduce a new simple game, which is referred to as the complementary weighted multiple majority game (C-WMMG for short). C-WMMG models a basic cooperation rule, the complementary cooperation rule, and can be taken as a sister model of the famous weighted majority game (WMG for short). In this paper, we concentrate on the two dimensional C-WMMG. An interesting property of this case is that there are at most $n+1$ minimal winning coalitions (MWC for short), and they can be enumerated in time $O(n\log n)$, where $n$ is the number of players. This property guarantees that the two dimensional C-WMMG is more handleable than WMG. In particular, we prove that the main power indices, i.e. the Shapley-Shubik index, the Penrose-Banzhaf index, the Holler-Packel index, and the Deegan-Packel index, are all polynomially computable. To make a comparison with WMG, we know that it may have exponentially many MWCs, and none of the four power indices is polynomially computable (unless P=NP). Still for the two dimensional case, we show that local monotonicity holds for all of the four power indices. In WMG, this property is possessed by the Shapley-Shubik index and the Penrose-Banzhaf index, but not by the Holler-Packel index or the Deegan-Packel index. Since our model fits very well the cooperation and competition in team sports, we hope that it can be potentially applied in measuring the values of players in team sports, say help people give more objective ranking of NBA players and select MVPs, and consequently bring new insights into contest theory and the more general field of sports economics. It may also provide some interesting enlightenments into the design of non-additive voting mechanisms. Last but not least, the threshold version of C-WMMG is a generalization of WMG, and natural variants of it are closely related with the famous airport game and the stable marriage/roommates problem.Comment: 60 page

Strange particle production at RHIC in a single-freeze-out model

Strange particle ratios and pT-spectra are calculated in a thermal model with single freeze-out, previously used successfully to describe non-strange particle production at RHIC. The model and the recently released data for phi, Lambda, anti-Lambda, and K*(892) are in very satisfactory agreement, showing that the thermal approach can be used to describe the strangeness production at RHIC.Comment: We have added the comparison of the model predictions to the newly released Lambda and K*(892) pT-spectra from STA

Immune reactions as induction factors and correction of the pathology

On clinical models of infectious, somatic, malignant, and other diseases, the ability of immune responses to induce pathological processes due to competition, “pathogenicity”, hypersensitivity, and insufficiency has been shown. We are talking about the competitiveness of antibacterial and antiviral immunity, when the deployment of cellular and humoral immune responses weaken both defense mechanisms, competition of allergy and immune deficiency, which aggravates and modifies it, and antiviral immunity often induces a number of pathological conditions of the body. This is due to the inability of antiviral antibodies to completely inactivate the antireceptor structures of virions, interact with them without changing their function, and even stimulate a viral infection, induce autoimmune reactions. The protective system of interferons, which often cause side reactions, is also faulty. In  the  body, immunopathological reactions develop, manifested by immediate and delayed hypersensitivity, which have alternative properties – protective and damaging and autoimmune reactions, mainly with a negative effect. The mechanisms of the processes are discussed in detail in the review. The “inferiority” of immune reactions, respectively, cellular, humoral, phagocytic links, incomplete consistency of anticancer immunity, virus-induced immunodeficiencies are comprehensively covered. Such “alternativeness” of the considered immune reactions, at the same time, turns out to be a necessary condition for eliminating the emerging disorders of the organism’s reactivity. These include specificity and non-specificity, stimulation and suppression, variability and integration of immune responses. At the same time, immunoregulatory reactions are individual and interrelated, develop regionally and systemically and provide degradation of exogenous and endogenous objects and immune activation. All these aspects are discussed in detail in the review

La taxe d'habitation : un nouvel éclairage

[fre] La taxe d'habitation représente 11 % des impôts directs versés par les ménages et le quart des ressources des collectivités locales. Son mode de calcul assez complexe aboutit à une relative concentration, pour un impôt a priori non progressif : les 20 % de contribuables les plus imposés acquittent plus de la moitié du produit total de la taxe. Les différences entre contribuables tiennent bien sûr à la surface et au confort des locaux imposés mais aussi à la situation de famille et au revenu, par le jeu d'abattements et de dégrèvements pour les personnes à charge, les foyers de condition modeste et les personnes âgées. L'augmentation sensible de la taxe d'habitation avec la taille de la commune est moins attendue. Par la possibilité qui leur est offerte de moduler divers taux dans le calcul de la taxe, les grandes villes financent ainsi leurs équipements et équilibrent leurs dépenses de fonctionnement. [eng] The tax on dwelling inhabitants - The tax on dwelling inhabitants represents 11 % of direct taxes contributed by households and a quarter of the resources of local communities. The rather complex method of calculation leads to a relative concentration, for what is a priori not a graduated tax: the 20% of tax payers who pay the highest taxes accounts for more than half of the total tax product. The differences among tax-payers is related, of course, to the surface area and the comfort of the taxed premises, but also to the family situation and income, to the play of allowed deductions and tax relief for dependents, households of modest means, and older people. The significant increase of the tax on dwelling inhabitants in relation to the size of the region is more surprising. Given the possibility that they have of modulating diverse taxes in the calculation of the tax on dwelling inhabitants, the large cities in this way finance their equipment and balance their operating costs. [spa] La contribución relativa a vivienda - La contribución relativa a vivienda representa un 11 % de los impuestos directos pagados por los hogares y la cuarta parte de los recursos de las colectividades locales. La forma de su cálculo, bastante compleja, remata en una relativa concentración con relación a un impuesto a priori no progresivo : el 20 % de contribuyentes más sujetos a impuestos satisfacen más de la mitad del producto total de ta contribución. Las discrepancias entre contribuyentes se deben, por supuesto, a la superficie y grado de comodidades de las viviendas sujetas a impuestos si no también a la posición de la familia y al ingreso, mediante práctica de exoneraciones y desgravaciones para las personas a cargo, hogares de condición humilde y ancianos. El sensible incremento de la contribución pro vivienda con relación al tamano del municipio es más inesperado. A causa de las posibilidades de las que disponen las grandes urbes de matizar varias contribuciones para el cálculo de la contribución, les resulta factible fmanciar sus equipos y equilibrar sus gastos de funcionamiento.