On-sky multi-wavelength phasing of segmented telescopes with the Zernike phase contrast sensor

Future Extremely Large Telescopes will adopt segmented primary mirrors with several hundreds of segments. Cophasing of the segments together is essential to reach high wavefront quality. The phasing sensor must be able to maintain very high phasing accuracy during the observations, while being able to phase segments dephased by several micrometers. The Zernike phase contrast sensor has been demonstrated on-sky at the Very Large Telescope. We present the multi-wavelength scheme that has been implemented to extend the capture range from \pmlambda/2 on the wavefront to many micrometers, demonstrating that it is successful at phasing mirrors with piston errors up to \pm4.0 micron on the wavefront. We discuss the results at different levels and conclude with a phasing strategy for a future Extremely Large Telescope.Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in Applied Optics; he final publised version is available on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?msid=13671

Merging history of three bimodal clusters

We present a combined X-ray and optical analysis of three bimodal galaxy clusters selected as merging candidates at z ~ 0.1. These targets are part of MUSIC (MUlti--Wavelength Sample of Interacting Clusters), which is a general project designed to study the physics of merging clusters by means of multi-wavelength observations. Observations include spectro-imaging with XMM-Newton EPIC camera, multi-object spectroscopy (260 new redshifts), and wide-field imaging at the ESO 3.6m and 2.2m telescopes. We build a global picture of these clusters using X-ray luminosity and temperature maps together with galaxy density and velocity distributions. Idealized numerical simulations were used to constrain the merging scenario for each system. We show that A2933 is very likely an equal-mass advanced pre-merger ~ 200 Myr before the core collapse, while A2440 and A2384 are post-merger systems ~ 450 Myr and ~1.5 Gyr after core collapse, respectively). In the case of A2384, we detect a spectacular filament of galaxies and gas spreading over more than 1 h^{-1} Mpc, which we infer to have been stripped during the previous collision. The analysis of the MUSIC sample allows us to outline some general properties of merging clusters: a strong luminosity segregation of galaxies in recent post-mergers; the existence of preferential axes --corresponding to the merging directions-- along which the BCGs and structures on various scales are aligned; the concomitance, in most major merger cases, of secondary merging or accretion events, with groups infalling onto the main cluster, and in some cases the evidence of previous merging episodes in one of the main components. These results are in good agreement with the hierarchical scenario of structure formation, in which clusters are expected to form by successive merging events, and matter is accreted along large--scale filaments

GRAVITY: getting to the event horizon of Sgr A*

We present the second-generation VLTI instrument GRAVITY, which currently is in the preliminary design phase. GRAVITY is specifically designed to observe highly relativistic motions of matter close to the event horizon of Sgr A*, the massive black hole at center of the Milky Way. We have identified the key design features needed to achieve this goal and present the resulting instrument concept. It includes an integrated optics, 4-telescope, dual feed beam combiner operated in a cryogenic vessel; near infrared wavefront sensing adaptive optics; fringe tracking on secondary sources within the field of view of the VLTI and a novel metrology concept. Simulations show that the planned design matches the scientific needs; in particular that 10 microarcsecond astrometry is feasible for a source with a magnitude of K=15 like Sgr A*, given the availability of suitable phase reference sources.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, to appear in the conference proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Instrumentation, 23-28 June 2008, Marseille, Franc

Cophasage de télescopes multi-pupilles sur point source : application à l'interféromètre en frange noire Persée

Less than 20 years after the discovery of HD114762b, exoplanetology has been full of discoveries and many exalting results are expected in the coming years. Dark fringe interferometry, or nulling, is one of the methods allowing the direct observation of estrasolar planets despite the high contrast and the low angular distance between the host star and the planet. However, this method needs an equalization of the optical paths, or cophasing, at a nanometric level. My work deals with PERSEE, a testbed aiming to validate stabilized nulling in the presence of realistic perturbations. My contribution to PERSEE design allowed to define the best pupil location and to optimize the cophasing system estimators with the proper choice of the spectral bands. These estimators are based on a spatial modulation based on 4 outputs in quasi-quadrature; I optimized the demodulation algorithms and I analyzed the relevance of the spatial modulation. Besides, the dispersion of the light into 2 spectral bands led to the development of an optical path difference estimator combining high range and precision. At last, I present the experimental performance of the cophasing system that I integrated and implemented. PERSEE first results showed a stabilization of the beams with a precision of 0.8 nm rms, what allowed to reach a monochromatic null depth of N=6.2x10−5±6.3x10−6. Thus, this shows that the use of 4 outputs of a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer, common to the nuller and to the cophasing system, is a promising solution for future instruments since it minimizes the differential aberrations between these 2 systems. At last, my contribution to the cophasing system of GRAVITY, a second generation Very Large Telescope Interferometer instrument, allowed to choose the optimal beam combiner for GRAVITY cophasing system.Moins de 20 ans après la découverte de HD114762b, l'exoplanétologie est déjà très riche en découvertes et elle le sera encore très certainement dans les années à venir. L'interférométrie en frange noire, ou nulling, est une des rares méthodes permettant l'observation directe des planètes extrasolaires en s'affranchissant du très fort contraste existant entre la planète et son étoile hôte. Cette méthode exige cependant une égalisation des chemins optiques, ou cophasage, avec une précision nanométrique. Mon manuscrit traite principalement de PERSEE, un banc ayant pour objectif de valider les problématiques de l'interférométrie en frange noire et du cophasage en présence de perturbations réalistes. Ma contribution au dimensionnement de PERSEE a permis de positionner au mieux la pupille et d'optimiser le choix des deux bandes spectrales. Les estimateurs de cophasage s'appuient sur une modulation spatiale codant l'interférogramme sur 4 points. Les algorithmes de démodulation exploitant la quasi-quadrature présentent deux retombées majeures : l'estimation photométrique de chaque bras et le contrôle des dérives internes. En outre, j'ai développé un estimateur de la différence de marche conjuguant grande dynamique et précision basé sur les mesures de la différence de marche dans deux bandes spectrales. Enfin, je présente les performances expérimentales du système de cophasage que j'ai intégré puis mis en œuvre. Les premiers résultats de PERSEE ont montré une précision sur la stabilisation des faisceaux égale à 0.8 nm rms, ce qui a permis d'obtenir une profondeur de l'extinction en lumière monochromatique égale à N=6.2x10−5±6.3x10−6. Ceci démontre ainsi que l'utilisation des 4 sorties d'un interféromètre de Mach-Zehnder modifié, commun au nuller et au système de cophasage, est une solution prometteuse pour les futurs instruments puisqu'elle permet de minimiser les aberrations différentielles entre ces deux systèmes. Enfin, ma contribution à la définition du système de cophasage de GRAVITY, un instrument de seconde génération du Very Large Telescope Interferometer, a permis de choisir la recombinaison interférométrique la plus performante pour le système de cophasage de GRAVITY

Cophasage de télescopes multi-pupilles sur point source (application à l'interféromètre en frange noire Persée)

PARIS7-Bibliothèque centrale (751132105) / SudocSudocFranceF

PERSEE: description of a new concept for nulling interferometry recombination and OPD measurement

International audienceNulling interferometry requires, among other things, a symmetric recombination module and an optical path difference control system. The symmetric recombination stage has been particularly studied over the last ten years and several concepts are now well known. One of them is the "Modified Mach Zehnder" (MMZ) interferometer, proposed by Serabyn and Colavita (2001) [1]. In this paper, we describe a new version of the MMZ beam combiner which provides a deep null signal in the science channel and, at the same time, phase-sensitive signals in the so-called co-phasing channel. From the latter, accurate optical path difference measurements can be derived. This beam combiner works in the 0.8 to 3.3 mum spectral range (0.8 to 1.5 mum for the co-phasing channel and 1.65 to 3.3 mum for the science channel). Both optical functions can be implemented in the same device thanks to an original optical design involving dedicated phase shifts. In this paper, we describe its principle and detail the optical and mechanical design