113 research outputs found

    Communities of wood-inhabiting fungi : Ecological requirements and responses to forest management and fragmentation

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    Despite much research on forest biodiversity in Fennoscandia, the exact mechanisms of species declines in dead-wood dependent fungi are still poorly understood. In particular, there is only limited information on why certain fungal species have responded negatively to habitat loss and fragmentation, while others have not. Understanding the mechanisms behind species declines would be essential for the design and development of ecologically effective and scientifically informed conservation measures, and management practices that would promote biodiversity in production forests. In this thesis I study the ecology of polypores and their responses to forest management, with a particular focus on why some species have declined more than others. The data considered in the thesis comprise altogether 98,318 dead-wood objects, with 43,085 observations of 174 fungal species. Out of these, 1,964 observations represent 58 red-listed species. The data were collected from 496 sites, including woodland key habitats, clear-cuts with retention trees, mature managed forests, and natural or natural-like forests in southern Finland and Russian Karelia. I show that the most relevant way of measuring resource availability can differ to a great extent between species seemingly sharing the same resources. It is thus critical to measure the availability of resources in a way that takes into account the ecological requirements of the species. The results show that connectivity at the local, landscape and regional scales is important especially for the highly specialized species, many of which are also red-listed. Habitat loss and fragmentation affect not only species diversity but also the relative abundances of the species and, consequently, species interactions and fungal successional pathways. Changes in species distributions and abundances are likely to affect the food chains in which wood-inhabiting fungi are involved, and thus the functioning of the whole forest ecosystem. The findings of my thesis highlight the importance of protecting well-connected, large and high-quality forest areas to maintain forest biodiversity. Small habitat patches distributed across the landscape are likely to contribute only marginally to protection of red-listed species, especially if habitat quality is not substantially higher than in ordinary managed forest, as is the case with woodland key habitats. Key habitats might supplement the forest protection network if they were delineated larger and if harvesting of individual trees was prohibited in them. Taking the landscape perspective into account in the design and development of conservation measures is critical while striving to halt the decline of forest biodiversity in an ecologically effective manner.MetsÀluonnon monimuotoisuutta on tutkittu Fennoskandiassa paljon. Monet lahopuusta riippuvaiset sienilajit ovat uhanalaistuneet lahopuun mÀÀrÀn vÀhentymisen vuoksi, mutta taantumisen tarkempia mekanismeja ei tunneta hyvin. PitkÀlti avoin kysymys on esimerkiksi se miksi juuri tietyt lajit ovat kÀrsineet elinympÀristöjen hÀviÀmisestÀ ja pirstoutumisesta. Taantumisen mekanismien ymmÀrtÀminen on olennaista metsien suojelu- ja hoitotoimenpiteiden suunnittelun ja kehittÀmisen kannalta. Lajistollisen monimuotoisuuden parantaminen edellyttÀÀ ekologisesti tehokkaita ja tutkimustietoon perustuvia suojelutoimenpiteitÀ ja talousmetsien kÀsittelyn kÀytÀntöjÀ. Olen vÀitöskirjatyössÀni tutkinut lahottajasienilajien ekologiaa sekÀ sitÀ millÀ tavoin metsÀtalous vaikuttaa tÀhÀn lajiryhmÀÀn. Tutkimusaineisto kÀsittÀÀ yhteensÀ 43 085 esiintymÀÀ 174 lajista, joista 58 lajia (1964 esiintymÀÀ) on uhanalaisia tai silmÀllÀpidettÀviÀ. Aineisto on kerÀtty 98 318 lahopuulta EtelÀ-Suomessa ja VenÀjÀn Karjalassa. Tutkimme kaikkiaan 496 kohdetta, jotka olivat avainbiotooppeja, sÀÀstöpuuhakkuita, varttuneita talousmetsiÀ tai luonnontilaisen kaltaisia metsiÀ. Tutkimukseni osoittaa ettÀ lahopuuston kokonaistilavuus kuvastaa huonosti lahottajasienilajeille kÀytössÀ olevan resurssin mÀÀrÀÀ suurelle osalle lajistosta. Lahopuiden lukumÀÀrÀÀ, kokoa ja monimuotoisuutta on tÀrkeÀÀ painottaa tavalla joka huomioi kiinnostuksen kohteena olevien lajien ekologiset vaateet. Paikallisen, maisema- ja alueellisen tason kytkeytyneisyydellÀ on suuri merkitys etenkin ekologisesti erikoistuneille lajeille, joista monet ovat uhanalaisia tai silmÀllÀpidettÀviÀ. Pienet elinympÀristölaikut eivÀt siten edistÀ tehokkaasti nÀiden uhanalaisten lajien suojelua. TÀmÀ pÀtee etenkin avainbiotooppien kaltaisille laikuille, joiden laatu ei ole lahopuusta riippuvaisten lajien kannalta tavanomaista talousmetsÀÀ selvÀsti parempi. ElinympÀristöjen hÀviÀminen ja pirstoutuminen vaikuttavat lajien monimuotoisuuden lisÀksi myös lahottajasienilajien suhteellisiin runsauksiin, lajien vÀlisiin vuorovaikutussuhteisiin ja yhteisöjen kehityskulkuihin. VÀitöskirjani tulosten perusteella hyvin kytkeytyneiden, suurten ja hyvÀlaatuisten metsÀalueiden suojelu on tÀrkeÀmpÀÀ kuin pienten eri puolilla metsÀmaisemaa sijaitsevien laikkujen suojelu. Avainbiotoopit voivat auttaa monimuotoisuuden turvaamisessa suojelualueverkoston tÀydentÀjinÀ mikÀli ne rajataan nykyistÀ selvÀsti suuremmiksi ja mikÀli niissÀ ei sallita varovaisiakaan hakkuita. Maisemataso on huomioitava suojelusuunnittelussa ja sen kehittÀmisessÀ, kun tavoitteena on metsÀluonnon monimuotoisuuden vÀhenemisen hidastaminen ekologisesti tehokkaalla tavalla

    Kiteen PÀÀtyeenlahden linnustoselvitys - kesÀ 1992

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    Penedo suomalaista kulttuuria Brasilian matkailussa

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    Luonto- ja kulttuurimatkailu Liminganlahden alueella: Integroitavissa vai ei?

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    Siirretty Doriast

    Lifestyle travellers: Backpacking as a way of life

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    Scholarship on backpackers speculates some individuals may extend backpacking to a way of life. This article empirically explores this proposition using lifestyle consumption as its framing concept and conceptualises individuals who style their lives around the enduring practice of backpacking as ‘lifestyle travellers’. Ethnographic interviews with lifestyle travellers in India and Thailand offer an emic account of the practices, ideologies and social identity that characterise lifestyle travel as a distinctive subtype within backpacking. Departing from the drifter construct, which (re)constitutes this identity as socially deviant, the concept of lifestyle allows for a contemporary appraisal of these individuals’ patterns of meaningful consumption and wider insights into how ongoing mobility can lead to different ways of understanding identities and relating to place. Keywords: lifestyle consumption; backpacker; mobility; drifter; identit

    Change, Choice, and Commercialization: Backpacker Routes in Southeast Asia

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    South-East Asia has the oldest and largest backpacker trails. This paper examines the geographies of such flows, drawing upon the largest survey to date of backpackers in Asia using qualitative research to survey the key changes from the 1970s to the 2000s. Backpacker trails have changed significantly and new routes have emerged including the ‘northern trail’ (Bangkok - Cambodia - Vietnam - Laos). It is to be expected that routes change as backpackers constantly seek new places, pioneering for later mass tourism. However, this paper suggests that using institutionalization as a framework, these changing trails and backpacker ‘choices’ can be seen as driven by growing commercialization and institutionalization. This then operates in combination with external variables (travel innovations - low cost airlines, and new transport networks); exogenous shock (political instability, terrorism); and growing regional competition from emerging destinations such as Vietnam and Cambodia
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