Bibliographie partielle des oeuvres Philosophie en langue française pour l'année 1991

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Acceptance of Automated Road Transport Systems (ARTS): an adaptation of the UTAUT model

As research into innovative forms of automated transportation systems gains momentum, it is important that we develop an understanding of the factors that will impact the adoption of these systems. In an effort to address this issue, the European project CityMobil2 is collecting data around large-scale demonstrations of Automated Road Transport Systems (ARTS) in a number of cities across Europe. For these systems to be successful, user acceptance is vital. The current study used the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to investigate the factors which might influence acceptance of ARTS vehicles, which were operational in two locations in Europe. The results indicate that the UTAUT constructs of performance expectancy, effort expectancy and social influence were all useful predictors of behavioural intentions to use ARTS, with performance expectancy having the strongest impact. However, it would appear that other factors are also needed in order for the model to strongly predict behavioural intentions in an automated transport context. Based on these findings, a number of implications for developers and ideas for future research are suggested

Identification et relation aux normes de l'espagnol vénézuélien : perceptions de locutrices et de locuteurs

Ce mémoire situé en sociolinguistique, et plus particulièrement en dialectologie perceptive, prend un intérêt particulier pour les phénomènes de variation, de norme(s) et des attitudes de la communauté vénézuélienne envers les parlers de son pays. Au travers de l’analyse quantitative et qualitative des réponses de 380 locutrices et locuteurs de l’espagnol vénézuélien à un questionnaire sociolinguistique semi-dirigé en ligne, notre objectif final est de répondre à trois questions de recherche : peut-on observer une norme pour l’espagnol vénézuélien ? Peut-on déterminer si un domaine (phonétique, lexical ou grammatical) se prête significativement mieux à l’analyse dialectologique ? Enfin, où peut-on localiser la norme de l’espagnol vénézuélien, et comment peut-on expliquer nos résultats au regard de la littérature ? Nous commençons donc par nous demander si l’on peut observer une norme pour l’espagnol vénézuélien. En quantifiant et qualifiant les attitudes et les opinions linguistiques, nous trouvons qu’il existe des différences significatives entre nos variables phonétiques-phonologiques, lexicales et morphologiques-syntaxiques qui permettent de les stratifier et de les regrouper par variables plus ou moins favorisées pour l’appartenance à la norme de l’espagnol vénézuélien oral. Ayant été en mesure de comparer les résultats des trois domaines phonétique-phonologique, lexical et morphologique-syntaxique, nous avons déterminé pour notre deuxième question de recherche que les questions portant sur le lexique (plutôt que sur la prononciation ou la grammaire) généraient plus de réponses que le volet grammatical, et permettaient de conduire des analyses légèrement plus significatives que celles du volet phonétique-phonologique. Enfin, dans un volet différent du questionnaire, nous souhaitions localiser la norme de l’espagnol vénézuélien dans le pays et comparer ces résultats à ceux de la littérature. Nous concluons que, dans le sens des observations diverses trouvables dans les travaux antérieurs, le Venezuela semble doté d’une norme bicéphale, quoique nos données ne permettent pas de déterminer s’il s’agit des normes des deux aires dialectales auxquelles appartient le Venezuela (la caraïbe et l’andine) ou s’il existe deux normes concurrentes chez l’ensemble de la population.This thesis in sociolinguistics, and more specifically perceptual dialectology, takes specific interest in the topic of variation; the definition of norm(s); and the attitudes of the Venezuelan community towards the speech of its country. Through quantitative and qualitative analyses of the answers of 380 Venezuelan Spanish speakers to a semi-structured online sociolinguistics questionnaire, our final goal is to answer three research questions: can we observe a norm for Venezuelan Spanish? Can we determine whether the phonetical, lexical or grammatical level yields more statistically significant results when it comes to dialectological analysis? Finally, where can we localise the norm for Venezuelan Spanish, and how can we explain our findings with regard to previous literature? We begin with addressing whether we can observe a phonetical, lexical, or grammatical norm for Venezuelan Spanish. After collecting and analysing our sample’s opinions both quantitatively and qualitatively, we find it possible to identify significant differences between our phonetical/ phonological, lexical, and morphological/syntactical variables. This finding allows us to group them into stratified groups, from least to most favoured when it comes to belonging to the norm of spoken Venezuelan Spanish. As for our second research question, once we compared results from all three domains (phonetics/phonology, lexicon, and morphology/syntax), we determined that the questions we asked about vocabulary returned more spontaneous comments than those about grammatical features, and yielded more significant statistical analyses than those about phonetic features. Finally, with a different section of the questionnaire, we aimed at locating the norm of Venezuelan Spanish within the country and comparing our results with literature. We conclude that, in line with previous studies, Venezuela seems to deal with a bicephalic norm, although our data do not allow us to determine whether we are in the presence of two norms for the two dialectal areas Venezuela is a part of (the Caribbean and the Andean ones), or if there are two competing norms for the whole of the population.Esta tesina se ubica en sociolingüística, particularmente en dialectología perceptual. Se interesa por los fenómenos de variación, por la(s) norma(s) y por las actitudes de la comunidad venezolana acerca de las hablas de su país. Se basa en el análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de las respuestas que 380 hablantes del español venezolano nos entregaron a través de un cuestionario sociolingüístico semiestructurado en línea. Proponemos responder a las siguientes tres preguntas: ¿puede observarse una norma para el español venezolano? ¿Puede determinarse si un campo (fonético, lexical o gramatical) produce resultados más significativos para el estudio dialectológico? Y, por último, ¿dónde se puede ubicar la norma del español venezolano, y cómo se pueden explicar nuestros resultados con respecto a la literatura previa? Empezamos por preguntarnos si se puede observar una norma para el español venezolano. Tras cuantificar y cualificar las actitudes y opiniones lingüísticas, encontramos que sí existen diferencias significativas entre nuestras variables fonético-fonológicas, lexicales y morfológico- sintácticas que permiten estratificarlas y agruparlas según si se ven más o menos favorecidas en cuanto a su pertenencia a la norma del español venezolano oral. Dado que fuimos capaces de comparar los resultados de los tres campos fonético-fonológico, lexical y morfológico-sintáctico, en el marco de nuestra segunda pregunta de investigación, determinamos que las preguntas acerca del léxico generaban más comentarios espontáneos que las de la sección gramatical, y permitían realizar un análisis levemente más significativo que las de la sección fonética-fonológica. Finalmente, en una sección diferente del cuestionario, quisimos ubicar la norma del español venezolano en el país y comparar nuestros resultados con la literatura previa. Concluimos que, de acuerdo con las varias observaciones que se encuentran en trabajos anteriores, Venezuela parece contar con una norma bicéfala, aunque nuestros datos no permitieron determinar si se trata de las normas de cada una de las áreas dialectales a las que Venezuela pertenece (la caribe y la andina), o si existen dos normas concurrentes para el conjunto de la población

Architecture of Burkholderia cepacia complex σ70 gene family: evidence of alternative primary and clade-specific factors, and genomic instability

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The <it>Burkholderia cepacia </it>complex (Bcc) groups bacterial species with beneficial properties that can improve crop yields or remediate polluted sites but can also lead to dramatic human clinical outcomes among cystic fibrosis (CF) or immuno-compromised individuals. Genome-wide regulatory processes of gene expression could explain parts of this bacterial duality. Transcriptional σ⁷⁰factors are components of these processes. They allow the reversible binding of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase to form the holoenzyme that will lead to mRNA synthesis from a DNA promoter region. Bcc genome-wide analyses were performed to investigate the major evolutionary trends taking place in the σ⁷⁰family of these bacteria.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty σ⁷⁰paralogous genes were detected in the <it>Burkholderia cenocepacia </it>strain J2315 (<it>Bcen</it>-J2315) genome, of which 14 were of the ECF (extracytoplasmic function) group. Non-ECF paralogs were related to primary (<it>rpoD</it>), alternative primary, stationary phase (<it>rpoS</it>), flagellin biosynthesis (<it>fliA</it>), and heat shock (<it>rpoH</it>) factors. The number of σ⁷⁰genetic determinants among this genome was of 2,86 per Mb. This number is lower than the one of <it>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</it>, a species found in similar habitats including CF lungs. These two bacterial groups showed strikingly different σ⁷⁰family architectures, with only three ECF paralogs in common (<it>fecI</it>-like, <it>pvdS </it>and <it>algU</it>). <it>Bcen</it>-J2315 σ⁷⁰paralogs showed clade-specific distributions. Some paralogs appeared limited to the ET12 epidemic clone (<it>ecfA2</it>), particular Bcc species (<it>sigI</it>), the <it>Burkholderia </it>genus (<it>ecfJ</it>, <it>ecfF</it>, and <it>sigJ</it>), certain proteobacterial groups (<it>ecfA1</it>, <it>ecfC</it>, <it>ecfD</it>, <it>ecfE</it>, <it>ecfG</it>, <it>ecfL</it>, <it>ecfM </it>and <it>rpoS</it>), or were broadly distributed in the eubacteria (<it>ecfI</it>, <it>ecfK</it>, <it>ecfH</it>, <it>ecfB</it>, and <it>rpoD</it>-, <it>rpoH</it>-, <it>fliA</it>-like genes). Genomic instability of this gene family was driven by chromosomal inversion (<it>ecfA2</it>), recent duplication events (<it>ecfA </it>and <it>RpoD</it>), localized (<it>ecfG</it>) and large scale deletions (<it>sigI</it>, <it>sigJ</it>, <it>ecfC</it>, <it>ecfH</it>, and <it>ecfK</it>), and a phage integration event (<it>ecfE</it>).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The Bcc σ⁷⁰gene family was found to be under strong selective pressures that could lead to acquisition/deletion, and duplication events modifying its architecture. Comparative analysis of Bcc and <it>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </it>σ⁷⁰gene families revealed distinct evolutionary strategies, with the Bcc having selected several alternative primary factors, something not recorded among <it>P. aeruginosa </it>and only previously reported to occur among the actinobacteria.</p

Identification of post-transcriptionally regulated Xenopus tropicalis maternal mRNAs by microarray

Cytoplasmic control of the adenylation state of mRNAs is a critical post-transcriptional process involved in the regulation of mRNAs stability and translational efficiency. The early development of Xenopus laevis has been a major model for the study of such regulations. We describe here a microarray analysis to identify mRNAs that are regulated by changes in their adenylation state during oogenesis and early development of the diploid frog Xenopus tropicalis. The microarray data were validated using qRT–PCR and direct analysis of the adenylation state of endogenous maternal mRNAs during the period studied. We identified more than 500 mRNAs regulated at the post-transcriptional level among the 3000 mRNAs potentially detected by the microarray. The mRNAs were classified into nine different adenylation behavior categories. The various adenylation profiles observed during oocyte maturation and early development and the analyses of 3′-untranslated region sequences suggest that previously uncharacterized sequence elements control the adenylation behavior of the newly identified mRNAs. These data should prove useful in identifying mRNAs with important functions during oocyte maturation and early development

Non-physiological increase of AV conduction time in sinus disease patients programmed in AAIR-based pacing mode

Purpose The EVOCAVDS trial aimed to quantify the paradoxal atrioventricular (AV) conduction time lengthening in sinus node (SD) patients (pts) paced in AAIR-based pacing mode. Methods SD pts, implanted with dual-chamber pacemaker programmed in AAIR-based pacing mode, were randomized in two arms for a 1-month period: the low atrial pacing (LAP; basic rate at 60 bpm, dual sensor with minimal slope) and the high atrial pacing (HAP; basic rate at 70 bpm, dual sensor with optimized slope, overdrive pacing) arm. At 1 month, crossover was performed for an additional 1-month period. AV conduction time, AV block occurrence and AV conduction time adaptation during exercise were ascertained from device memories at each follow-up. Results Seventy-nine pts participated to the analysis (75 ± 8 years; 32 male; PR = 184 ± 38 ms; bundle branch block n = 12; AF history n = 36; antiarrhythmic treatment n = 53; beta-blockers n = 27; class III/Ic n = 18; both n = 8). The mean AV conduction time was significantly greater during the HAP (275 ± 51 ms) vs. LAP (263 ± 49 ms) period (p &lt; 0.0001). Class III/Ic drugs were the only predictors of this abnormal behaviour. Degree II/III AV blocks occurred in 49 % of pts in the HAP vs. 19 % in the LAP period (p &lt; 0.0001). Fifty-two patients (66 %) presented a lengthening of AV conduction time during exercise. Conclusion AAIR-based pacing in SD pts may induce a significant lengthening of pts’ AV conduction time, including frequent abnormal adaptation of AV conduction time during exercise

Structural styles and Neogene petroleum system around the Yusuf-Habibas Ridge (Alboran Basin, Mediterranean Sea)

International audienceThe Algerian offshore is part of the southern margin of the western Mediterranean Sea. The western part of this offshore area represents the transitional margin between the South Algero-Balearic Basin and the Alboran Basin. The study area includes the southern and eastern parts of the Alboran Basin and the northwestern part of the Algerian margin and is in the western part of the plate boundary between Eurasia and Africa (Figure 1). The Yusuf-Habibas Ridge is a major EW-striking structure of this complex plate boundary, separating the eastern and southern parts of the Alboran Basin from the South Algero-Balearic Basin (Martinez-Garcia et al., 2011, and references therein). The ridge played an important role during the Neogene Alboran westward block migration between the Africa and Iberia plates, while the Kabylies blocks migrated southward and accreted to Africa. Furthermore, the ongoing NW-SE convergence between Africa and Iberia has induced a new stress field, since 7 Ma ago, replacing an earlier stress field (Fernandez-Ibañez et al., 2007) and leading to reactivation and polyphased deformation on the main structures in the basin, including the Yusuf-Habibas Ridge

Tyrosine metabolism: identification of a key residue in the acquisition of prephenate aminotransferase activity by 1β aspartate aminotransferase

International audienceAlternative routes for the post-chorismate branch of the biosynthetic pathway leading to tyrosine exist, the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate or the arogenate route. The arogenate route involves the transamination of prephenate into arogenate. In a previous study, we found that, depending on the microorganisms possessing the arogenate route, three different aminotransferases evolved to perform prephenate transamination, that is, 1β aspartate aminotransferase (1β AAT), N-succinyl-l,l-diaminopimelate aminotransferase, and branched-chain aminotransferase. The present work aimed at identifying molecular determinant(s) of 1β AAT prephenate aminotransferase (PAT) activity. To that purpose, we conducted X-ray crystal structure analysis of two PAT competent 1β AAT from Arabidopsis thaliana and Rhizobium meliloti and one PAT incompetent 1β AAT from R. meliloti. This structural analysis supported by site-directed mutagenesis, modeling, and molecular dynamics simulations allowed us to identify a molecular determinant of PAT activity in the flexible N-terminal loop of 1β AAT. Our data reveal that a Lys/Arg/Gln residue in position 12 in the sequence (numbering according to Thermus thermophilus 1β AAT), present only in PAT competent enzymes, could interact with the 4-hydroxyl group of the prephenate substrate, and thus may have a central role in the acquisition of PAT activity by 1β AAT