On the continuous processing of health data in edge-fog-cloud computing by using micro/nanoservice composition

The edge, the fog, the cloud, and even the end-user's devices play a key role in the management of the health sensitive content/data lifecycle. However, the creation and management of solutions including multiple applications executed by multiple users in multiple environments (edge, the fog, and the cloud) to process multiple health repositories that, at the same time, fulfilling non-functional requirements (NFRs) represents a complex challenge for health care organizations. This paper presents the design, development, and implementation of an architectural model to create, on-demand, edge-fog-cloud processing structures to continuously handle big health data and, at the same time, to execute services for fulfilling NFRs. In this model, constructive and modular $blocks$ , implemented as microservices and nanoservices, are recursively interconnected to create edge-fog-cloud processing structures as ¿This work was supported in part by the Council for Science and Technology of Mexico (CONACYT) through the Basic Scientific Research under Grant 2016-01-285276, and in part by the Project CABAHLA-CM: Convergencia Big data-Hpc: de los sensores a las Aplicaciones from Madrid Regional Government under Grant S2018/TCS-4423

Reliable Multihop Broadcast Protocol with a Low-Overhead Link Quality Assessment for ITS Based on VANETs in Highway Scenarios

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been identified as a key technology to enable intelligent transport systems (ITS), which are aimed to radically improve the safety, comfort, and greenness of the vehicles in the road. However, in order to fully exploit VANETs potential, several issues must be addressed. Because of the high dynamic of VANETs and the impairments in the wireless channel, one key issue arising when working with VANETs is the multihop dissemination of broadcast packets for safety and infotainment applications. In this paper a reliable low-overhead multihop broadcast (RLMB) protocol is proposed to address the well-known broadcast storm problem. The proposed RLMB takes advantage of the hello messages exchanged between the vehicles and it processes such information to intelligently select a relay set and reduce the redundant broadcast. Additionally, to reduce the hello messages rate dependency, RLMB uses a point-to-zone link evaluation approach. RLMB performance is compared with one of the leading multihop broadcast protocols existing to date. Performance metrics show that our RLMB solution outperforms the leading protocol in terms of important metrics such as packet dissemination ratio, overhead, and delay

DISEÑO, IMPLEMENTACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN OXÍMETRO DE PULSO INALÁMBRICO LP-WA PARA EL INTERNET DE LAS COSAS MÉDICAS (IoMT) (DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION, AND EVALUATION OF A LP-WA WIRELESS PULSE OXIMETER FOR THE INTERNET OF MEDICAL THINGS (IoMT))

Resumen En este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo del prototipo de un oxímetro de pulso inalámbrico de largo alcance y bajo consumo de energía (LP-WA). El prototipo propuesto fue diseñado para adquirir, procesar y transmitir señales fisiológicas y de geolocalización de una persona realizando actividades cotidianas en ambiente de exteriores. Además, se presenta un análisis detallado del consumo de energía del prototipo para calcular su tiempo de vida útil. Por último, se presentan los resultados de una evaluación experimental del rendimiento del prototipo analizando la tasa de entrega de paquetes (PDR) y el indicador de intensidad de señal recibida (RSSI) en diferentes esquemas de transmisión. Estos resultados permitieron validar el bajo consumo de corriente del dispositivo y el correcto funcionamiento del dispositivo en el proceso de transmisión de paquetes hacia la estación base LP-WA. Palabras Clave: Dispositivo médico, Internet de las cosas, LoRa, Oxímetro de pulso inalámbrico. Abstract In this paper the development of a long range and low power (LP-WA) wireless pulse oximeter prototype is presented. The prototype proposed was designed to acquire, process and transmit physiological and geolocation signals from people in outdoor environments. In addition, a detailed energy consumption analysis of the prototype is given in order to calculate its lifetime. Finally, results of an experimental performance evaluation of the prototype in terms of received strength signal indicator (RSSI) and packet delivery rate (PDR) are presented. These results allowed to validate the low power consumption of the device and its appropriate operation in the packet transmission process to LP-WA base station. Keywords: Internet of Things, LoRa, Medical device, wireless pulse oximeter

Performance improvement in geographic routing for vehicular Ad Hoc networks

Geographic routing is one of the most investigated themes by researchers for reliable and efficient dissemination of information in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). Recently, different Geographic Distance Routing (GEDIR) protocols have been suggested in the literature. These protocols focus on reducing the forwarding region towards destination to select the Next Hop Vehicles (NHV). Most of these protocols suffer from the problem of elevated one-hop link disconnection, high end-to-end delay and low throughput even at normal vehicle speed in high vehicle density environment. This paper proposes a Geographic Distance Routing protocol based on Segment vehicle, Link quality and Degree of connectivity (SLD-GEDIR). The protocol selects a reliable NHV using the criteria segment vehicles, one-hop link quality and degree of connectivity. The proposed protocol has been simulated in NS-2 and its performance has been compared with the state-of-the-art protocols: P-GEDIR, J-GEDIR and V-GEDIR. The empirical results clearly reveal that SLD-GEDIR has lower link disconnection and end-to-end delay, and higher throughput as compared to the state-of-the-art protocols. It should be noted that the performance of the proposed protocol is preserved irrespective of vehicle density and spee

An Infrastructureless Approach to Estimate Vehicular Density in Urban Environments

In Vehicular Networks, communication success usually depends on the density of vehicles, since a higher density allows having shorter and more reliable wireless links. Thus, knowing the density of vehicles in a vehicular communications environment is important, as better opportunities for wireless communication can show up. However, vehicle density is highly variable in time and space. This paper deals with the importance of predicting the density of vehicles in vehicular environments to take decisions for enhancing the dissemination of warning messages between vehicles. We propose a novel mechanism to estimate the vehicular density in urban environments. Our mechanism uses as input parameters the number of beacons received per vehicle, and the topological characteristics of the environment where the vehicles are located. Simulation results indicate that, unlike previous proposals solely based on the number of beacons received, our approach is able to accurately estimate the vehicular density, and therefore it could support more efficient dissemination protocols for vehicular environments, as well as improve previously proposed schemes.This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543-C03-01, as well as by the Fundacion Universitaria Antonio Gargallo (FUAG), and the Caja de Ahorros de la Inmaculada (CAI).Sanguesa, JA.; Fogue, M.; Garrido, P.; Martinez, FJ.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Manzoni, P. (2013). An Infrastructureless Approach to Estimate Vehicular Density in Urban Environments. Sensors. 13(2):2399-2418. doi:10.3390/s130202399S2399241813

Identifying the key factors affecting warning message dissemination in VANET real urban scenarios

[EN] In recent years, new architectures and technologies have been proposed for Vehicular Ad Hoc networks (VANETs). Due to the cost and complexity of deploying such networks, most of these proposals rely on simulation. However, we find that most of the experiments made to validate these proposals tend to overlook the most important and representative factors. Moreover, the scenarios simulated tend to be very simplistic (highways or Manhattan-based layouts), which could seriously affect the validity of the obtained results. In this paper, we present a statistical analysis based on the 2 k factorial methodology to determine the most representative factors affecting traffic safety applications under real roadmaps. Our purpose is to determine which are the key factors affecting Warning Message Dissemination in order to concentrate research tests on such parameters, thus avoiding unnecessary simulations and reducing the amount of simulation time required. Simulation results show that the key factors affecting warning messages delivery are the density of vehicles and the roadmap used. Based on this statistical analysis, we consider that VANET researchers must evaluate the benefits of their proposals using different vehicle densities and city scenarios, to obtain a broad perspective on the effectiveness of their solution. Finally, since city maps can be quite heterogeneous, we propose a roadmap profile classification to further reduce the number of cities evaluatedThis work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543-C03-01, and by the Diputacion General de Aragon, under Grant "subvenciones destinadas a la formacion y contratacion de personal investigador".Fogue, M.; Garrido, P.; Martínez, FJ.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Manzoni, P. (2013). Identifying the key factors affecting warning message dissemination in VANET real urban scenarios. Sensors. 13(4):5220-5250. https://doi.org/10.3390/s130405220S52205250134Galaviz-Mosqueda, G., Aquino-Santos, R., Villarreal-Reyes, S., Rivera-Rodríguez, R., Villaseñor-González, L., & Edwards, A. (2012). Reliable Freestanding Position-Based Routing in Highway Scenarios. Sensors, 12(11), 14262-14291. doi:10.3390/s121114262Gramaglia, M., Bernardos, C., & Calderon, M. (2013). Virtual Induction Loops Based on Cooperative Vehicular Communications. Sensors, 13(2), 1467-1476. doi:10.3390/s130201467Rahim, A., Khan, Z. S., Muhaya, F. T. B., Sher, M., & Kim, T.-H. (2010). Sensor Based Framework for Secure Multimedia Communication in VANET. Sensors, 10(11), 10146-10154. doi:10.3390/s101110146Martinez, F. J., Fogue, M., Toh, C. K., Cano, J.-C., Calafate, C. T., & Manzoni, P. (2012). Computer Simulations of VANETs Using Realistic City Topologies. Wireless Personal Communications, 69(2), 639-663. doi:10.1007/s11277-012-0594-6Cenerario, N., Delot, T., & Ilarri, S. (2011). A Content-Based Dissemination Protocol for VANETs: Exploiting the Encounter Probability. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 12(3), 771-782. doi:10.1109/tits.2011.2158821Sahoo, J., Wu, E. H.-K., Sahu, P. K., & Gerla, M. (2011). Binary-Partition-Assisted MAC-Layer Broadcast for Emergency Message Dissemination in VANETs. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 12(3), 757-770. doi:10.1109/tits.2011.2159003Liu, C., & Chigan, C. (2012). RPB-MD: Providing robust message dissemination for vehicular ad hoc networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 10(3), 497-511. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2011.09.003Perkins, D. D., & Hughes, H. (2002). Investigating the performance of TCP in mobile ad hoc networks. Computer Communications, 25(11-12), 1132-1139. doi:10.1016/s0140-3664(02)00024-5Fogue, M., Garrido, P., Martinez, F. J., Cano, J.-C., Calafate, C. T., & Manzoni, P. (2012). Evaluating the impact of a novel message dissemination scheme for vehicular networks using real maps. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 25, 61-80. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2012.04.017Sanguesa, J., Fogue, M., Garrido, P., Martinez, F., Cano, J.-C., Calafate, C., & Manzoni, P. (2013). An Infrastructureless Approach to Estimate Vehicular Density in Urban Environments. Sensors, 13(2), 2399-2418. doi:10.3390/s130202399Tseng, Y.-C., Ni, S.-Y., Chen, Y.-S., & Sheu, J.-P. (2002). Wireless Networks, 8(2/3), 153-167. doi:10.1023/a:1013763825347Wisitpongphan, N., Tonguz, O. K., Parikh, J. S., Mudalige, P., Bai, F., & Sadekar, V. (2007). Broadcast storm mitigation techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 14(6), 84-94. doi:10.1109/mwc.2007.4407231Alasmary, W., & Zhuang, W. (2012). Mobility impact in IEEE 802.11p infrastructureless vehicular networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 10(2), 222-230. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2010.06.006Harri, J., Filali, F., & Bonnet, C. (2009). Mobility models for vehicular ad hoc networks: a survey and taxonomy. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 11(4), 19-41. doi:10.1109/surv.2009.090403Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO)http://sumo.sourceforge.nethttp://www.openstreetmap.orghttp://www.census.gov/geo/www/tigerKrauss, S., Wagner, P., & Gawron, C. (1997). Metastable states in a microscopic model of traffic flow. Physical Review E, 55(5), 5597-5602. doi:10.1103/physreve.55.5597Wagner, P. (2006). How human drivers control their vehicle. The European Physical Journal B, 52(3), 427-431. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2006-00300-1ns Notes and Documentshttp://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-documentation.htm

PROTOCOLO PARADORSAL DE UNA RED MULTIPUNTO

Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctric

EL CONTROL SOCIAL COMO ELEMENTOS INHIBIDOR DE LAS DONDUCTAS ANTISOCIALES EN EL ESPACIO PéBLICO

Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseñ