Subsea salt flows in the Atlantis II Deep and Tethis Deep, Red Sea

In the area of today’s Red Sea, evaporites were widely deposited during the Miocene. Due to the ongoing rifting and seafloor spreading, the evaporites have lost their lateral constraint and started to move downslope. High sediment temperatures near the Red Sea graben and the weak rheology of halite may also favour evaporite movement. However, the deformation mechanism as well as the velocity of these flows is largely unknown. New high-resolution multibeam and seismic data were recorded in March 2011 (P408-2 cruise) within the framework of the project “The Jeddah Transect”, a cooperation between King Abdulaziz University, Saudi-Arabia and GEOMAR, Germany. The data give new insights into evaporite flows in the area of the Atlantis II Deep. This ~400 m deep seafloor depression is located at about 21°N in the central Red Sea graben and is partly filled with hot saline brine (T~68°C, S~270h. The brine-seawater interface at about 2050 mbsl coincides with the depth of a subseafloor salt layer in the seismic reflection data. The rough seafloor morphology of the Atlantis II Deep area is dominated by a sequence of normal faults showing vertical offsets of several hundred meters. However, SW-NE directed lineaments parallel to the seafloor gradient in the south east and possibly north-west of the deep, with typical heights between 20 and 40 m, widths between 300 and 1000 m and lengths exceeding 10 km in places, are interpreted as surface indications of subsurface evaporite flow. The fronts of some of these flows are well rounded, and their occurrence is limited to areas of low seafloor gradients. Generally, the appearance of evaporite flows in the Atlantis II Deep is comparable to salt flows in the Thetis Deep at ~23°N (Mitchell et al., 2010). Furthermore, deformed hemipelagic layers deposited on top of the Miocene evaporites indicate salt movement 60 km off the central rift axis. A second research cruise is planned in March 2012 (RV Pelagia) to obtain more high-resolution seismic data on the morphological structures related to the evaporite flows at 21°N. Additionally, repeated multibeam measurements in the Thetis Deep will constrain the maximum movement rate of the evaporites. Mitchell, N. C. ; Ligi, M. ; Ferrante, V. ; Bonatti, E. ; Rutter, E.: Submarine salt flows in the central Red Sea. In: Geological Society of America Bulletin vol. 122 (2010), Nr. 5-6, pp. 701–71

Detection of Boulders in Side Scan Sonar Mosaics by a Neural Network

Boulders provide ecologically important hard grounds in shelf seas, and form protected habitats under the European Habitats Directive. Boulders on the seafloor can usually be recognized in backscatter mosaics due to a characteristic pattern of high backscatter intensity followed by an acoustic shadow. The manual identification of boulders on mosaics is tedious and subjective, and thus could benefit from automation. In this study, we train an object detection framework, RetinaNet, based on a neural network backbone, ResNet, to detect boulders in backscatter mosaics derived from a sidescan-sonar operating at 384 kHz. A training dataset comprising 4617 boulders and 2005 negative examples similar to boulders was used to train RetinaNet. The trained model was applied to a test area located in the Kriegers Flak area (Baltic Sea), and the results compared to mosaic interpretation by expert analysis. Some misclassification of water column noise and boundaries of artificial plough marks occurs, but the results of the trained model are comparable to the human interpretation. While the trained model correctly identified a higher number of boulders, the human interpreter had an advantage at recognizing smaller objects comprising a bounding box of less than 7 × 7 pixels. Almost identical performance between the best model and expert analysis was found when classifying boulder density into three classes (0, 1–5, more than 5) over 10,000 m 2 areas, with the best performing model reaching an agreement with the human interpretation of 90%

Evolution of and processes acting on inner continental shelf areas, resolved with hydroacoustic and sedimentological methods: Case studies from the Baltic Sea and the Andaman Sea

Shallow seas are influenced by a magnitude of processes, acting on- and offshore. Therefore, most shallow sea areas have a unique appearance, preserving information both about their geologic history and processes acting on them. For this study, extensive hydroacoustic surveys, including side scan sonar, multibeam echo sounder, and reflection seismic, as well as sedimentological analysis were carried out in the Fehmarn Belt (SW Baltic Sea) and offshore Khao Lak (Andaman Sea, Thailand) between 2007 and 2011. The geologic evolution since the last glacial as well as recent sediment dynamics were investigated in Fehmarn Belt, while offshore impacts of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami where evaluated off Khao Lak. The development of the Baltic Sea since the last glacial period was controlled by several regression and transgression events during the phases Baltic Ice Lake, Yoldia Sea, Ancylus Lake and Littorina Sea. Many details regarding the development of these stages are unsolved, one question being whether, and to what extent, the regression of the Ancylus Lake at 9,200 to 9,000 14C yr BP took place over the Darss Sill. Next to the general geological evolution of Fehmarn Belt since the last glacial, this study addresses the question whether a drowned river system in Fehmarn Belt (SW Baltic Sea) can be related to the drainage of the Ancylus Lake. The river channel is cut into glacial till in the western Fehmarn Belt, reaching an incision depth of up to 12 m at a base level of 40 m b.s.l. (below sea level). Its continuation towards west can be recognized in bathymetric data, while the channel is buried towards Mecklenburg Bay. According to seismic images, it is rapidly widening from several hundred meters to more than 1 kilometre and seems to fade towards east. Sediment thickness above the glacial till can exceed 30 m in the buried section of the channel. It is proposed that the channel was mainly shaped as part of a glacial meltwater system at a water level of 30 m b.s.l., although it was eventually incised subglacially. During the lowstand of the Baltic Ice Lake, local, shallow water bodies covered the study area and calm conditions prevailed. A previously reported westward directed drainage of a lake in the eastern Fehmarn Belt could be restricted to a time interval following the highstand of the Ancylus Lake, and prior to the Littorina transgression. Timing, water level and potential water discharge of this event suggest its connection to the partial drainage of the Ancylus Lake over the Darss Sill. Subsequently to the regression, cliffs and lake deposits point to a local water level between 24 to 26 m b.s.l. However, finding of a channel system filled with sediment deposited during the early Littorina Transgression might indicate a short phase with a water level down to 30 m b.s.l. With rising water level during the Littorina transgression, a large subaqueous dune field was formed in the central Fehmarn Belt. It is situated in water depths between 11 and 25 m, with an extension of about 8.1 km E – W and 1.8 km N - S. It consists of asymmetric dunes, indicating a W to E directed current, with crest heights of up to 2.5 m. The dunes are composed of allochthonous, well-sorted medium to coarse sand. Sand ribbons, connected to the subaqueous dune-field and protruding towards the southwest, are supposed to be sediment-conduits. Only minor movements of the field over the annual cycle could be observed, but comparisons with older maps show an increase in spatial extension over the course of decades. It is assumed that sediment movements in the subaqueous dune field occur mainly during west-storm conditions, when salt water infrequently intrudes from the North Sea into the Baltic Sea. The aim of the second case study was to resolve impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on offshore areas. The coastal area of Khao Lak (Thailand) was heavily damaged by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Meanwhile, its impact on offshore areas is mostly unknown, although offshore tsunami deposits were speculated to be widespread in the geological record. The 2004 tsunami offered the unique opportunity to catalogue its offshore effects from a well-recorded series of events. In Thailand, reported onshore tsunami deposits, containing marine sediments, as well as satellite images, showing large amounts of sediment transported offshore, indicate that the seafloor was impacted by tsunami run-up and backwash. Offshore Khao Lak, paleoreefs with associated boulder fields and sandy sediments dominate the inner continental shelf. Patches of fine-grained (silt to fine sand) sediments exist in water depths of less than 15 m. The sediment distribution pattern is stable between 2007 and 2010, apart from small shifts regarding the boundaries of the fine-grained sediment patches. In sediment cores and grab samples an event layer was documented, situated below a cover of modern sediments that is only a few cm thick. The event-layer can be securely traced down to 18 m water depth. It consists mostly of sand, including coral fragments, but contains compounds of terrigenous origin as well. It is interpreted as a 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposit, which was the last major event in the area. Beneath 18 m water depth, indications of potential tsunami influence on a system of sand ridges are found, including erosion of app. 1 m deep channels at the NW-flank of the sand ridges and the deposition of silty material sandwiched by sandy sediments. On wide areas of the study-site an impact of the tsunami is hardly identifiable by seafloor morphology or sediment distribution five year after the event, pointing towards a tsunami impact focussed to some areas and a rapid return of the seafloor to equilibrium conditions

O “DIREITO DOS POVOS”: UM IDEAL DE JUSTIÇA PARA SER ASPIRADO POR TODAS AS SOCIEDADES

A obra O direito dos povos fecha a trilogia de reflexões de Rawls sobre a justiça, sustentando que povos razoáveis podem conviver de maneira pacífica em um mundo justo. Seu objetivo fundamental é estudar as possibilidades de estender o conceito de justiça como eqüidade para o âmbito externo denominado de Sociedade dos Povos. Elabora ideais e princípios para a política exterior de povos razoavelmente justos, instaurando um programa de direito internacional público. O presente artigo visa apresentar a importância de sua teoria para uma sociedade internacional caracterizada pela pluralidade de doutrinas abrangentes e tentar responder as objeções tendo como base os próprios escritos de Rawls

Brazilian Agriculture: Policy Objectives in Conflict

Performance of Brazilian agriculture in terms of production and real price changes for the major export and domestic food crops is examined. Results indicate that the policies implemented led to a strong performance of the export crops and a weak performance of the domestic food crops from 1973-1981

Checklist of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea) from São Paulo State, Brazil

Pentatomoidea knowledge in São Paulo state is here updated. Two hundred and two species in 92 genera belonging to Acanthosomatidae, Canopidae, Cydnidae, Pentatomidae, Phloeidae, Scutelleridae, Tessaratomidae and Thyreocoridae are registered. Forty one species were added and 13 taxonomical and nomenclatorial corrections were made comparing with the data presented in the first edition of the Biota SP in 1999. Pentatomoidea species richness of São Paulo state is around 25% of the species known to Brazil and around 3% of the world fauna. The increase of the studies in scarcely known families in Brazil will certainly raise these numbers. Pentatomidae was the most numerous taxon in São Paulo state, with 80% of the registered species.O conhecimento de Pentatomoidea no Estado de São Paulo é aqui atualizado. São registradas 92 espécies em 89 gêneros pertencentes as famílias Acanthosomatidae, Canopidae, Cydnidae, Pentatomidae, Phloeidae, Scutelleridae, Tessaratomidae e Thyreocoridae. Comparando com os dados apresentados na primeira edição do Biota SP em 1999, foram adicionadas 41 espécies além de 13 correções nomenclaturais e taxonômicas efetuadas. O Estado de São Paulo apresenta uma riqueza total ao redor de 25% das espécies conhecidas para o Brasil e ao redor de 3% da fauna mundial de Pentatomoidea. Com o incremento dos estudos em famílias pouco conhecidas no país, estes números certamente serão ampliados. Pentatomidae resultou no táxon mais numeroso no estado, com 80% de espécies registradas.Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Instituto de Biociências Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia AnimalUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Ciências BiológicasUNIFESP, Depto. de Ciências BiológicasSciEL

As representações sociais da punição nos crimes de corrupção militar

Divulgação dos SUMÁRIOS das obras recentemente incorporadas ao acervo da Biblioteca Ministro Oscar Saraiva do STJ. Em respeito à Lei de Direitos Autorais, não disponibilizamos a obra na íntegra.Localização na estante: 344.13:343.352(81) F312

Hydroacoustic Mapping of Geogenic Hard Substrates: Challenges and Review of German Approaches

Subtidal hard substrate habitats are unique habitats in the marine environment. They provide crucial ecosystem services that are socially relevant, such as water clearance or as nursery space for fishes. With increasing marine usage and changing environmental conditions, pressure on reefs is increasing. All relevant directives and conventions around Europe include sublittoral hard substrate habitats in any manner. However, detailed specifications and specific advices about acquisition or delineation of these habitats are internationally rare although the demand for single object detection for e.g., ensuring safe navigation or to understand ecosystem functioning is increasing. To figure out the needs for area wide hard substrate mapping supported by automatic detection routines this paper reviews existing delineation rules and definitions relevant for hard substrate mapping. We focus on progress reached in German approval process resulting in first hydroacoustic mapping advices. In detail, we summarize present knowledge of hard substrate occurrence in the German North Sea and Baltic Sea, describes the development of hard substrate investigations and state of the art mapping techniques as well as automated analysis routines