392 research outputs found
La dualidad y la agregación de categorÃas sociales
La "dualidad" es una concepción del enlace micro-macro que implica que elementos correspondientes a dos niveles diferentes de la estructura (tales como personas y grupos, o -como en los datos que analizamos- identidades y prácticas) se co-constituyen mutuamente. Presentamos un algoritmo para la agregación de categorÃas sociales que son "duales" entre sÃ. Nuestro algoritmo es aplicable al estudio de datos en tablas de contingencia. Aplicamos nuestro algoritmo en un estudio de la construcción conjunta de identidades sociales (incluyendo etiquetas raciales y étnicas) y prácticas educativas en un contexto universitario."Duality" is a conception of micro-macro linkage that implies that elements at each of two different levels of structure (such as persons and groups, or-as in the data we analyze-identities and practices) co-constitute one another. We present an algorithm for the aggregation of social categories that are "dual" to each other. Our algorithm is applicable to the study of data in contingency tables. We apply our algorithm in a study of the joint construction of social identities (including racial and ethnic labels) and educational practices in a university context
Academic team formation as evolving hypergraphs
This paper quantitatively explores the social and socio-semantic patterns of
constitution of academic collaboration teams. To this end, we broadly underline
two critical features of social networks of knowledge-based collaboration:
first, they essentially consist of group-level interactions which call for
team-centered approaches. Formally, this induces the use of hypergraphs and
n-adic interactions, rather than traditional dyadic frameworks of interaction
such as graphs, binding only pairs of agents. Second, we advocate the joint
consideration of structural and semantic features, as collaborations are
allegedly constrained by both of them. Considering these provisions, we propose
a framework which principally enables us to empirically test a series of
hypotheses related to academic team formation patterns. In particular, we
exhibit and characterize the influence of an implicit group structure driving
recurrent team formation processes. On the whole, innovative production does
not appear to be correlated with more original teams, while a polarization
appears between groups composed of experts only or non-experts only, altogether
corresponding to collectives with a high rate of repeated interactions
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Business Model Innovation: How Iconic Business Models Emerge
Despite ample research on the topic of business model innovation, little is known about the cognitive processes whereby some innovative business models gain the status of iconic representations of particular types of firms. This study addresses the question: How do iconic business models emerge? In other words: How do innovative business models become prototypical exemplars for new categories of firms? We focus on the case of Airbnb, and analyze how six mainstream business media publications discussed Airbnb between 2008 and 2013. The cognitive process whereby Airbnb’s business model became the iconic business model for the sharing economy involved three phases. First, these publications drew on multiple analogies to try to assimilate Airbnb’s innovative business model into their existing system of categories. Second, they developed a more nuanced understanding of Airbnb’s business model. Finally, they established it as the prototypical exemplar of a new type of organization. We contribute to business model research by providing an elaborated definition of the notion of the iconic business model which is rooted in social categorization research, and by theorizing the cognitive process that underpins the emergence of iconic business models. Our study also complements research on the role of analogical reasoning in business model innovation. Finally, we complement the market categorization literature by documenting a case of the emergence of a prototypical exemplar
Finding and evaluating community structure in networks
We propose and study a set of algorithms for discovering community structure
in networks -- natural divisions of network nodes into densely connected
subgroups. Our algorithms all share two definitive features: first, they
involve iterative removal of edges from the network to split it into
communities, the edges removed being identified using one of a number of
possible "betweenness" measures, and second, these measures are, crucially,
recalculated after each removal. We also propose a measure for the strength of
the community structure found by our algorithms, which gives us an objective
metric for choosing the number of communities into which a network should be
divided. We demonstrate that our algorithms are highly effective at discovering
community structure in both computer-generated and real-world network data, and
show how they can be used to shed light on the sometimes dauntingly complex
structure of networked systems.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figure
Null Models of Economic Networks: The Case of the World Trade Web
In all empirical-network studies, the observed properties of economic
networks are informative only if compared with a well-defined null model that
can quantitatively predict the behavior of such properties in constrained
graphs. However, predictions of the available null-model methods can be derived
analytically only under assumptions (e.g., sparseness of the network) that are
unrealistic for most economic networks like the World Trade Web (WTW). In this
paper we study the evolution of the WTW using a recently-proposed family of
null network models. The method allows to analytically obtain the expected
value of any network statistic across the ensemble of networks that preserve on
average some local properties, and are otherwise fully random. We compare
expected and observed properties of the WTW in the period 1950-2000, when
either the expected number of trade partners or total country trade is kept
fixed and equal to observed quantities. We show that, in the binary WTW,
node-degree sequences are sufficient to explain higher-order network properties
such as disassortativity and clustering-degree correlation, especially in the
last part of the sample. Conversely, in the weighted WTW, the observed sequence
of total country imports and exports are not sufficient to predict higher-order
patterns of the WTW. We discuss some important implications of these findings
for international-trade models.Comment: 39 pages, 46 figures, 2 table
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