De l’Antiquité à la science-fiction : la réinvention de Babylone dans les représentations artistiques occidentales des xxe et xxie siècles

L’iconographie de Babylone et de la tour de Babel, lieux mythiques souvent confondus, subit à partir du xxe siècle une transformation surprenante. De ville orientale antique, Babylone devient une mégapole occidentale contemporaine et le mythe de Babel fait l’objet d’une inversion complète des valeurs : l’on passe d’une nostalgie de la cohésion par la langue à la crainte de se voir imposer un langage unique et de perdre toute individualité. Ces renversements qui procèdent d’une forte identification des sociétés occidentales à Babel-Babylone conditionnent une grande partie des images produites sur le sujet. Étudier ces changements permet de comprendre les innovations iconographiques étonnantes qui en sont la conséquence : progrès technologique, esclavage, totalitarisme mais aussi utopies et tours de livres sont autant d’éléments nouveaux qui nourrissent les représentations du mythe.The iconography of Babylon and the Tower of Babel, often confused legendary places, underwent a surprising transformation beginning in the twentieth century. From an ancient Eastern city, Babylon became a contemporary Western megalopolis and the myth of Babel was the object of a total inversion of values: from nostalgia for the cohesion through language to the fear of having a unique language imposed on oneself and losing all individuality. These reversals, which originate in a strong identification of Western societies with Babel-Babylon, influence many of the images produced on the subject. Studying these changes enables us to understand the surprising iconographic innovations that were the result: technological progress, slavery and totalitarianism, as well as utopias and towers of books are new elements that influence representations of the myth

Saint-Martory

Date de l'opération : 1990 (RE) Inventeur(s) : Aujoulat Norbert (CNP Périgueux) Cette grotte s’ouvre à mi-hauteur d’un escarpement, sur la rive gauche de la Garonne, en aval de Saint-Martory. C’est une cavité peu profonde, au porche largement ouvert sur la vallée, orienté sud–sud-est. Dès 1892, L. Darbas, conservateur du musée Labit à Toulouse, fouilla exhaustivement le gisement. Il y découvrit deux niveaux caractérisés notamment par la présence de foyers. Le mobilier, dont la majeure partie ..

Saint-Martory – Grotte de Montconfort

Date de l'opération : 1990 (RE) Inventeur(s) : Aujoulat Norbert (CNP Périgueux) Cette grotte s’ouvre à mi-hauteur d’un escarpement, sur la rive gauche de la Garonne, en aval de Saint-Martory. C’est une cavité peu profonde, au porche largement ouvert sur la vallée, orienté sud–sud-est. Dès 1892, L. Darbas, conservateur du musée Labit à Toulouse, fouilla exhaustivement le gisement. Il y découvrit deux niveaux caractérisés notamment par la présence de foyers. Le mobilier, dont la majeure partie ..

Les dépôts d'objets pariétaux des grottes ornées au Paléolithique supérieur (gestes, comportements symboliques, cultures)

Les grottes sont un environnement particulier aux propriétés géophysiques singulières. C est un milieu qui offre une conservation exceptionnelle et dans lequel s inscrit, dans la matrice minérale, la marque du moindre geste qui y est réalisé. Assidument fréquentées au Paléolithique supérieur, de nombreuses cavités renferment des témoignages variés du passage des hommes. L art pariétal est un des témoins, parfois spectaculaire, de cette fréquentation. D autres vestiges (marques, objets, aménagements ) y sont aussi observables. Souvent moins visibles, moins spectaculaires car faisant entrer en jeu des éléments plus communs, l intérêt de ces vestiges, dans la compréhension des comportements préhistoriques, a été reconnu tardivement dans l histoire de la discipline. Parmi ces diverses traces d activités humaines, et faisant suite aux travaux initiateurs sur le sujet (Bégouën et Clottes, 1981 ; Clottes 2007 et 2009), nous nous intéressons ici aux dépôts d objets en paroi. Aucune étude approfondie et croisée à grande échelle de ce phénomène n avait été conduite jusqu ici. Les différentes matérialisations de ces gestes de dépôts, leurs constituants fondamentaux, les cultures et les territoires concernés ainsi que l approfondissement de la connaissance des comportements humains en grottes ornées au travers de l étude de ces gestes ont été les principaux axes de notre recherche.Nous avons ainsi identifié la présence de ces gestes de dépôts dans une quarantaine de sites ornés répartis sur l espace franco-cantabrique durant tout le Paléolithique supérieur. Nous avons essentiellement basé la construction de notre méthode d étude et notre analyse sur l étude exhaustive et contextualisée de ces dépôts dans six sites français : Blanchard, Foissac, Gargas inférieure, Gargas supérieure, Le Mammouth et Le Pigeonnier. La priorité était pour nous de proposer une lecture interprétative des comportements à l origine de ces dépôts. La matière dure animale (à l état de fragments), et dans une moindre mesure le silex et l ocre, sont les éléments essentiellement constitutifs de ces dépôts. Les résultats montrent que ces derniers sont omniprésents dans les grottes ornées. Ils ne sont cependant pas tous en tout point comparable. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence différentes catégories de gestes de dépôts. La plupart sont intentionnels mais sous-tendus par des motivations distinctes (symbolique, pragmatique, personnelle ). Nous avons identifié quatre pratiques symboliques où le dépôt est un medium permettant une connexion ( reliance ) avec l Invisible par l intermédiaire de la paroi-réceptacle.Ces pratiques (très fréquemment observées au Magdalénien et au Gravettien) sont des comportements symboliques fondamentaux qui motivent la fréquentation des cavités par ces populations préhistoriques durant tout le Paléolithique supérieur. Elles sont intimement reliées aux modes de vie, aux traditions culturelles et à la cosmogonie des sociétés préhistoriques. Ces pratiques préhistoriques peuvent être envisagées selon l idée d une possible affiliation à certains des grands universaux qui participent du fonds commun symbolique, et même spirituel, de l humanité.Caves are a particular environment with singular geophysics properties. It is an environment which offers an exceptional preservation and in which registers, in the mineral matrix, the mark of the slightest gesture which is realized there. Assidument frequented in the upper Palaeolithic, numerous cavities contain varied vestiges of the human passage.The parietal Art is one of the marks, sometimes spectacular, of this frequentation.Other vestiges (marks, objects, arrangements ) are there also observable. Often less visible, less spectacular because using more common elements, the interest of these vestiges, in the understanding of the prehistoric behavior, was late recognized in the history of the discipline. Among these diverse tracks of human activities, and following upon the works initiators on the subject (Bégouën et Clottes, 1981 ; Clottes 2007 et 2009), we are interested here in the deposits of objects in rock face. No in-depth and crossed study on a large scale of this phenomenon had been led up to here.The various realizations of these gestures of deposits, their fundamental constituents, the cultures and the concerned territories as well as the deepening of the knowledge of the human behavior in decorated caves through the study of these gestures were the main axes of our research.We so identified the presence of these gestures of deposits in about forty decorated sites distributed on the French-Catabric space during all the upper Palaeolithic. We essentially based the construction of our method of study and our analysis on the exhaustive and contextualised study of these deposits in six French sites : Blanchard, Foissac, Gargas inférieure, Gargas supérieure, Le Mammouth et Le Pigeonnier. The priority was for us to propose an interpretative reading of the behavior at the origin of these deposits. The animal hard material (in the state of fragments), and to a lesser extent the flint and the ochre, are the essentially constituent elements of these deposits. The results show that these last ones are omnipresent in the decorated caves. They are not however all completely comparable. We were able to bring to light various categories of gestures of deposits. Most are deliberate but underlain by different motivations (symbolic, pragmatic, personal ). We identified four symbolic practices where the deposit is a medium allowing a connection ( reliance ) with the Invisible through the rock face - receptacle.These practices (very frequently observed in the Magdalenian and in the Gravettian) are fundamental symbolic behavior which motivate the frequentation of cavities by these prehistoric populations during all the upper Palaeolithic. They are intimately bound with the lifestyles, with the cultural traditions and with the cosmogony of the prehistoric societies. These prehistoric practices can be envisaged according to the idea of a possible affiliation in some of the big universals which participate in the symbolic common fund, and even spiritual, in the humanity.BORDEAUX1-Bib.electronique (335229901) / SudocSudocFranceF

La osmoregulación como factor potencial de la distribución diferencial de dos especies crípticas de góbido, Pomatoschistus microps y P. marmoratus, en las lagunas mediterráneas francesas

This study was aimed at the detection of potential differences in the osmoregulatory capacity of two cryptic species of gobies, Pomatoschistus microps (Krøyer, 1838) and P. marmoratus (Risso, 1810), that have different distributions in French Mediterranean lagoons characterised by different salinity regimes. Specimens of both species were experimentally exposed to different salinities, their salinity tolerance was evaluated and their blood osmolality was measured. Both species are strong osmoregulators over a wide range of salinities but P. microps showed higher performances of hyper-regulation at very low salinities (10 and 40 mosm/kg, i.e. freshwater 0.3 and 1.4) and of hypo-regulation at high salinities (1500 mosm/kg, 51). Only P. microps was able to tolerate freshwater exposure over 4 days. We conclude that the high osmoregulatory capacity found in P. microps is linked to its better survival at very low salinities and is a physiological requirement for living in areas such as the Mauguio lagoon where salinity is highly variable. In contrast, as osmoregulation of P. marmoratus is less efficient at extreme salinities, this species cannot colonise such environments and is restricted to habitats where salinity is more stable, such as the Thau lagoon.Este estudio tuvo por objeto la detección de diferencias potenciales en la capacidad osmorreguladora de dos especies crípticas de góbido, Pomatoschistus microps (Krøyer, 1838) y P. marmoratus (Risso, 1810), que presentan diferentes áreas de distribución en lagunas mediterráneas francesas caracterizadas por regímenes de salinidad distintos. Especímenes de ambas especies fueron expuestos experimentalmente a diferentes salinidades, evaluándose su tolerancia a la salinidad y midiéndose su osmolalidad sanguínea. Ambas especies tienen una amplia capacidad osmoreguladora en un amplio rango de salinidades. Sin embargo, en comparación con P. marmoratus, P. microps mostró mayores rendimientos hiper-regulatorios a salinidades muy bajas (10 y 40 mosm/kg, es decir agua dulce 0.3 y 1.4) e hipo-regulatorios a salinidades altas (1500 mosm/kg, 51). Sólo P. microps fue capaz de tolerar la exposición al agua dulce durante 4 días. Podemos concluir que la gran capacidad osmoreguladora encontrada en P. microps está ligada a su mayor supervivencia a salinidades muy bajas, siendo un requerimiento fisiológico para vivir en áreas tales como la laguna de Mauguio, donde la salinidad es muy variable. Por el contrario, puesto que la osmoregulación de P. marmoratus es menos eficiente en salinidades extremas, esta especie no puede colonizar tales ambientes y se ve restringida a hábitats donde la salinidad es más estable, como la laguna de Tha

The WHO five keys to safer food: A tool for food safety health promotion

Foodborne diseases continue to be significant causes of morbidity and mortality within the African Region. Many cases of foodborne disease occur due to basic errors in food preparation or handling either in food service establishments or at home. Educating food handlers, including consumers, therefore, can significantly reduce the chances of contracting food-borne illnesses and the effects of outbreaks, as well as improve public health. Food safety education programmes need to particularly target certain segments of the population who, either directly have a role in food preparation and/or have increased vulnerability to foodborne diseases. In response to the increasing need to educate food handlers, including consumers about their responsibilities for assuring the safety of food, the World Health Organization (WHO) initiated a health promotion campaign around five simple rules, "the five keys to safer food" to help ensure food safety during food handling and preparation. The core messages of the WHO five keys to safer food are: keep clean; separate raw and cooked; cook thoroughly; keep food at safe temperatures; and use safe water and raw materials. These messages have been adapted to different target audiences and settings such as healthy food markets; emergency situations such as prevention of outbreaks; food safety for travellers; preparation of mass gathering events; streetvended foods; training of women; and growing of safer fruits and vegetables. Educational projects targeting different types of food handlers, high-risk groups andsettings are being implemented in several countries in the African Region. This article discusses how the WHO five keys to safer food have been used as a tool for food safety education. Experiences of selected countries in the African Region in the promotion of the WHO five keys to safer food in different settings are presented. It further discusses opportunities and future perspectives in the promotion of the WHO five keys to safer food in the African Region

Encumbered by vulnerability and temporality - the meanings of trigger situations when learning to live with diabetes

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to illuminate the meanings of trigger situations experienced in everyday life when learning to live with diabetes. BACKGROUND: Adults become active learners when faced with situations they do not know how to manage, triggering a need to understand something in a different way than before. Knowing more about experiential learning for persons living with diabetes is important for understanding how learning can be supported by health care. DESIGN: A life-world approach with a phenomenological hermeneutical method, inspired by the philosophy of Paul Ricoeur. METHODS: This method was used for interpreting transcriptions of interviews and consists of three stages: naïve understanding, structural analysis and a comprehensive understanding. Participants (n = 13), with either type I or type II diabetes, were interviewed on three different occasions over a three-year period after being diagnosed with diabetes. RESULTS: When learning to live with diabetes, the meanings of trigger situations were described as 'the unpredictable body heightens insecurity with awareness of one's own dependability', 'losing control in unsustainable situations' and 'encumbered by vulnerability and temporality in earlier familiar situations'. CONCLUSION: The meanings of trigger situations were to lose the smooth, unreflected way of managing an everyday life situation, interlaced with feelings of lost control of how to live with new insights of being vulnerable. Trigger situations meant an opportunity for learning, as well as being demanding, unplanned and with limited freedom of choice. Trigger situations presented life and body as unpredictable. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: If healthcare professionals can identify the worries and questions raised in trigger situations, knowledge gaps can be identified and reflected on to stimulate learning

Multilocus sequence typing supports the hypothesis that Ochrobactrum anthropi displays a human-associated subpopulation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Ochrobactrum anthropi </it>is a versatile bacterial species with strains living in very diverse habitats. It is increasingly recognized as opportunistic pathogen in hospitalized patients. The population biology of the species particularly with regard to the characteristics of the human isolates is being investigated. To address this issue, we proposed a polyphasic approach consisting in Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), multi-locus phylogeny, genomic-based fingerprinting by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antibiotyping.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We tested a population of 70 <it>O. anthropi </it>clinical (n = 43) and environmental (n = 24) isolates as well as the type strain <it>O. anthropi </it>ATCC49188^Tand 2 strains of <it>Ochrobactrum lupini </it>and <it>Ochrobactrum cytisi </it>isolated from plant nodules. A Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) scheme for <it>O. anthropi </it>is proposed here for the first time. It was based on 7 genes (3490 nucleotides) evolving mostly by neutral mutations. The MLST approach suggested an epidemic population structure. A major clonal complex corresponded to a human-associated lineage since it exclusively contained clinical isolates. Genomic fingerprinting separated isolates displaying the same sequence type but it did not detect a population structure that could be related to the origin of the strains. None of the molecular method allowed the definition of particular lineages associated to the host-bacteria relationship (carriage, colonisation or infection). Antibiotyping was the least discriminative method.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results reveal a human-associated subpopulation in our collection of strains. The emergence of this clonal complex was probably not driven by the antibiotic selective pressure. Therefore, we hypothesise that the versatile species <it>O. anthropi </it>could be considered as a human-specialized opportunistic pathogen.</p