GUIDELINES FOR A DIGITAL REINTERPRETATION OF ARCHITECTURAL RESTORATION WORK: REALITY-BASED MODELS AND REVERSE MODELLING TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO THE ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION OF THE TEATRO MARITTIMO, VILLA ADRIANA

The Maritime Theatre is one of the iconic buildings of Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli. The state of conservation of the theatre is not only the result of weathering over time, but also due to restoration work carried out during the Fifties of the past century. Although this anastylosis process had the virtue of partially restoring a few of the fragments of the compound's original image, it now reveals diverse inconsistencies and genuine errors in the reassembling of the fragments. This study aims at carrying out a digital reinterpretation of the restoration of the architectural fragments in relation to the architectural order, with particular reference to the miscellaneous decoration of the frieze of the Teatro Marittimo (vestibule and atrium). Over the course of the last few years the Teatro Marittimo has been the target of numerous surveying campaigns using digital methodology (laser scanner and photogrammetry SfM/MVS). Starting with the study of the remains of the opus caementicium on the ground, it is possible to identify surfaces which are then used in the model for subsequent cross sections, so as to achieve the best fitting circumferences to use as reference points to put the fragments back into place

VARIABLE LEVEL OF DETAIL IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL 3D MODELS OBTAINED THROUGH A DIGITAL SURVEY

[EN] This paper focuses on the use of information technologies in the field of archaeological representation. It is part of a series of studies on the VillaAdriana in Tivoli which have led us to investigate the decoration of the Maritime Theatre (Emperor Hadrian¿s personal residence) and other famous archaeological structures located within this UNESCO World Heritage listed site. The richness of detail that characterise the curved entablature pieces of this landmark building stimulated our research team 1 to develop new methods of representation, allowing the interactive assembling of digital models of a high geometric detail obtained by means of laser scanning. This article explains a new methodology for optimising digital survey data in the archaeological field which has previously been developed in other research sectors but not yet implemented in digital survey programs.[ES] Esta contribución, centrada en el uso de tecnologías informáticas para la representación, forma parte de una serie de estudios sobre la Villa Adriana en Tívoli, que nos han llevado a investigar la decoración del Teatro Marítimo, residencia personal del Emperador Adriano, así como otras famosas arquitecturas de este conjunto arqueológico perteneciente a la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial. La riqueza de detalles que caracteriza a las piezas del entablamento curvo de este emblemático edificio ha estimulado a nuestro equipo de investigación 1 para desarrollar nuevos métodos de representación, que permitan el uso interactivo de modelos digitales de alto detalle geométrico obtenidos con escáner laser. En este artículo se explicará una nueva metodología de optimización de los datos de levantamiento digital en el campo arqueológico, desarrollado en otros sectores de investigación, y que todavía no se han incluido en los programas para el levantamiento con escáner.Fantini, F. (2012). MODELOS CON NIVEL DE DETALLE VARIABLE REALIZADOS MEDIANTE UN LEVANTAMIENTO DIGITAL APLICADOS A LA ARQUEOLOGÍA. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 17(19):306-317. doi:10.4995/ega.2012.1383SWORD3063171719Adembri, B., 2010. La decorazione architettonica del Teatro Marittimo. En: Marina Sapelli Ragni, ed. 2010.Villa Adriana. Una storia mai finita. Electa, Milano, 2010.Apollonio, I., Gaiani, M., Manfredini, A.M., 2010. Modellazione semantica metodi a multirisoluzione. En: Benedetti, B., Gaiani, M., Remondino, F., ed. 2010. Modelli digitali 3D in archeologia: il caso di Pompei. Pisa. Edizioni della Normale.Battini, C., Fantini, F., 2007. Clouds and clay. Superfici di suddivisione e ottimizzazione. En: L. De Carlo, ed. 2007. Informatica e fondamenti scientifici della rappresentazione. Roma. Gangemi.Di Tondo, S., 2010. Modelli digitali per la comprensione dell'aspetto originario del manufatto: architettura e apparato decorativo del Teatro Marittimo a Villa Adriana. En: Mandelli, E., Velo, U.,ed. 2010. Il modello in architettura, cultura scientifica e rappresentazione. Firenze. Alinea.Gaiani, M., ed. 2006, La rappresentazione riconfigurata. Milano, Edizioni POLI.design.Guidi, G., Russo, M., Beraldin, J.A., 2010. Acquisizione 3D e modellazione poligonale. Milano. McGraw-Hill.Juan Vidal, F., Merlo, A., 2008. Nuevas aplicaciones del levantamiento integrado (rilievo). Arché, 2008, 3, p. 307-318.Lee, A., Moreton, H., & Hoppe, H. (2000). Displaced subdivision surfaces. Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH ’00. doi:10.1145/344779.344829Lévy, B. (2001). Constrained texture mapping for polygonal meshes. Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH ’01. doi:10.1145/383259.383308Migliari, R., ed. 2008, Prospettiva dinamica interattiva, la tecnologia dei videogiochi per l'esplorazione di modelli 3D di architettura. Roma, Edizioni Kappa.Piponi, D., & Borshukov, G. (2000). Seamless texture mapping of subdivision surfaces by model pelting and texture blending. Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH ’00. doi:10.1145/344779.34499

Glycocalyx and sepsis-induced alterations in vascular permeability

Endothelial cells line the inner portion of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; a basal membrane of extracellular matrix lines the extraluminal side of endothelial cells. The apical side of endothelial cells is the site for the glycocalyx, which is a complex network of macromolecules, including cell-bound proteoglycans and sialoproteins. Sepsis-associated alterations of this structure may compromise endothelial permeability with associated interstitial fluid shift and generalized edema. Indeed, in sepsis, the glycocalyx acts as a target for inflammatory mediators and leukocytes, and its ubiquitous nature explains the damage of tissues that occurs distant from the original site of infection. Inflammatory-mediated injury to glycocalyx can be responsible for a number of specific clinical effects of sepsis, including acute kidney injury, respiratory failure, and hepatic dysfunction. Moreover, some markers of glycocalyx degradation, such as circulating levels of syndecan or selectins, may be used as markers of endothelial dysfunction and sepsis severity. Although a great deal of experimental evidence shows that alteration of glycocalyx is widely involved in endothelial damage caused by sepsis, therapeutic strategies aiming at preserving its integrity did not significantly improve the outcome of these patients

Mineralogical, petrographic and physical-mechanical study of Roman construction materials from the Maritime Theatre of Hadrian's Villa (Rome, Italy)

This paper presents the study of various Roman materials used in the construction of the Maritime Theatre, one of the main buildings in the Hadrian’s Villa complex, a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Tivoli (Rome, Italy), dating to the first half of the II century A.D. The plaster layers (arriccio and intonachino) and overlying original Roman paintings that form the concave wall of the portico as well as some bedding mortars of the pyramidal stone elements (i.e. cubilia) of the circular masonry have been studied in particular. In addition, the acid volcanic rocks of the cubilia have been investigated, aiming to understand their state of alteration and geological origin. By mineralogical-petrographic microscopy (OM), diffractometry (XRPD), Raman spectroscopy, Point Load Tests (PLT), helium pycnometry, and particle size analysis, the composition and granulometric distribution of the aggregate, type and characteristics of the binder, and various physical-mechanical properties (density, porosity, water absorption, imbibition and saturation indices, mechanical resistance) of mortars and stones were defined. In addition, through digital image analysis of thin sections, the binder/aggregate ratio and some geometric characteristics of the aggregates (e.g. circularity) were determined. The research aims to improve the knowledge of the constructive technologies of the Maritime Theatre through the analysis of its materials

Changes in ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics during the early phase of sepsis: a prospective, experimental study in the rat

Abstract Background Sepsis is characterized by the loss of the perm-selectivity properties of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) with consequent albuminuria. We examined whether the pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of ceftriaxone (CTX), an extensively protein-bound 3rd generation cephalosporin, is altered during early sepsis and whether an increase in urinary loss of bound-CTX, due to GFB alteration, can occur in this condition. Methods A prospective, experimental, randomized study was carried out in adult male Sprague–Dawley rats. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Rats were divided into two groups: Sham-operated and CLP. CTX (100 mg i.p., equivalent to 1 g dose in humans) was administered in order to measure plasma and lung CTX concentrations at several time-points: baseline and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after administration. CTX was measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The morphological status of the sialic components of the GFB barrier was assessed by lectin histo-chemistry. Monte Carlo simulation was performed to calculate the probability of target attainment (PTA >90%) for 80 and 100% of Tfree > minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 80 and 100% of dosing interval. Measurements and main results After CLP, sepsis developed in rats as documented by the growth of polymicrobial flora in the peritoneal fluid (≤1 × 101 CFU in sham rats vs 5 × 104–1 × 105 CFU in CLP rats). CTX plasma concentrations were higher in CLP than in sham rats at 2 and 4 h after administration (difference at 2 h was 47.3, p = 0.012; difference at 4 h was 24.94, p = 0.004), while lung penetration tended to be lower. An increased urinary elimination of protein-bound CTX occurred (553 ± 689 vs 149 ± 128 mg/L, p < 0.05; % of bound/total CTX 22 ± 6 in septic rats vs 11 ± 4 in sham rats, p < 0.01) and it was associated with loss of the GFB sialic components. According to Monte Carlo simulation a PTA > 90% for 100% of the dosing interval was reached neither for sham nor CLP rats using MIC = 1 mg/L, the clinical breakpoint for Enterobacteriacee. Conclusions Sepsis causes changes in the PK of CTX and an alteration in the sialic components of the GFB, with consequent loss of protein-bound CTX. Among factors that can affect drug pharmacokinetics during the early phases of sepsis, urinary loss of both free and albumin–bound antimicrobials should be considered