Stress and anxiety in adolescence

Usually in society, when people take responsibility for their own actions, they can live with less stress in that circumstance. Relations of social life are in such a way that everyone should know they cannot always change the situation to their own advantage, but they can adapt themselves to different situations. Otherwise, they may suffer from stress. At the beginning of puberty and adolescence with the rapid development of physical and mental health, turmoil, confusion and worry can be seen in adolescents and in its shadow, they have a lot of anxiety and stress. There are important issues at this time in relation to the development of these areas including identity crisis, conflict in role playing, discussing independency, sexual evolution and acceptance of gender roles, relationships with peers and parental opposition, and needs such as having a quiet living environment, the need to love and respect the need for comfort and psychological security of the home and the school, the university and the community; the need for exercise and intellectual games in order to grow overall talent ,the need for individual and group recreational activities to maintain the freshness and life experience; The need for faith; the need for accountability model; the need for social education; The need to foster a sense of cooperation, the need for clear philosophies of life, the need for compassion, the need for affiliation, the need for economic independence, the need to accept social and family roles; the need for jobs and work ,If it is not fulfilled, in turn, it may cause stress. Also a history of academic failure, disease, negative physical and academic self-concept lack of hope for pursuing studies and lack of academic success in university education; Lack of family financial resources are considered problems for adolescents in achieving Identity and self-worth and make them susceptible against stressful factors

Stress and anxiety in adolescence

Usually in society, when people take responsibility for their own actions, they can live with less stress in that circumstance. Relations of social life are in such a way that everyone should know they cannot always change the situation to their own advantage, but they can adapt themselves to different situations. Otherwise, they may suffer from stress. At the beginning of puberty and adolescence with the rapid development of physical and mental health, turmoil, confusion and worry can be seen in adolescents and in its shadow, they have a lot of anxiety and stress. There are important issues at this time in relation to the development of these areas including identity crisis, conflict in role playing, discussing independency, sexual evolution and acceptance of gender roles, relationships with peers and parental opposition, and needs such as having a quiet living environment, the need to love and respect the need for comfort and psychological security of the home and the school, the university and the community; the need for exercise and intellectual games in order to grow overall talent ,the need for individual and group recreational activities to maintain the freshness and life experience; The need for faith; the need for accountability model; the need for social education; The need to foster a sense of cooperation, the need for clear philosophies of life, the need for compassion, the need for affiliation, the need for economic independence, the need to accept social and family roles; the need for jobs and work ,If it is not fulfilled, in turn, it may cause stress. Also a history of academic failure, disease, negative physical and academic self-concept lack of hope for pursuing studies and lack of academic success in university education; Lack of family financial resources are considered problems for adolescents in achieving Identity and self-worth and make them susceptible against stressful factors

The Nuance of Bilingualism as a Reserve Contributor: Conveying Research to the Broader Neuroscience Community

The neurological notion of “reserve” arises from an individually observable dissociation between brain health and cognitive status. According to the cognitive reserve hypothesis, high-reserve individuals experience functional compensation for neural atrophy and, thus, are able to maintain relatively stable cognitive functioning with no or smaller-than-expected impairment. Several lifestyle factors such as regular physical exercise, adequate and balanced nutrition, and educational attainment have been widely reported to contribute to reserve and, thus, lead to more successful trajectories of cognitive aging (CA). In recent years, it has become clear that bilingualism is also a potential reserve contributor. Yet, there is little communication between the neuroscience of bilingualism research community and researchers working in the field of CA more generally, despite compelling reasons for it. In fact, bilingualism tends to be overlooked as a contributory factor in the CA literature, or reduced to a dichotomous trait, despite it being a complex experience. Herein, we discuss issues that are preventing recognition of bilingualism as a reserve contributor across all literatures, highlight the benefits of including language experiences as a factor of interest across research disciplines, and suggest a roadmap to better integrate bilingualism and aging moving forward. We close with calls toward a model of aging that examines the contributions across lifestyle factors, including that of bilingual experience

The processing of bilingual (switched) compound verbs: Competition of words from different categories for lexical selection

This paper investigates the production of Persian–English bilingual compound verbs (BCVs) of the type [VERB+VERB]. In this type of code-switched structure, a lexical verb from the donor language English is combined with a light verb from the native language Persian. We tested the hypothesis that in Persian–English BCVs English verbs occupy the nominal slots of monolingual Persian complex predicates of the type [NOMINAL+VERB]. Two methodologies were used. A conversational-corpus analysis confirmed our predictions that Persian–English BCVs have translation-equivalent Persian compound verbs, that the English verbs denote the same action as the nominal constituents of those monolingual constructions, and that the support verbs tend to correspond in both types of compound verbs. A bilingual picture-word interference experiment provided evidence suggesting that English verbs interfere with the production of the nominal constituents of complex Persian verbs in Persian-bilingual speakers. We conclude that words from different word categories can compete for lexical access

The neuroprotective effects of bilingualism upon the inferior parietal lobule: A Structural Neuroimaging Study in Aging Chinese Bilinguals

Abstract It is a timely issue to understand the impact of bilingualism upon brain structure in healthy aging and upon cognitive decline given evidence of its neuroprotective effects. Plastic changes induced by bilingualism were reported in young adults in the left inferior parietal lobule (LIPL) and its right counterpart (RIPL) (Mechelli et al., 2004). Moreover, both age of second language (L2) acquisition and L2 proficiency correlated with increased grey matter (GM) in the LIPL/RIPL. However it is unknown whether such findings replicate in older bilinguals. We examined this question in an aging bilingual population from Hong Kong. Results from our Voxel Based Morphometry study show that elderly bilinguals relative to a matched monolingual control group also have increased GM volumes in the inferior parietal lobules underlining the neuroprotective effect of bilingualism. However, unlike younger adults, age of L2 acquisition did not predict GM volumes. Instead, LIPL and RIPL appear differentially sensitive to the effects of L2 proficiency and L2 exposure with LIPL more sensitive to the former and RIPL more sensitive to the latter. Our data also intimate that such differences may be more prominent for speakers of languages that are linguistically closer such as in Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals as compared to Cantonese-English bilinguals

Bilingualism provides a neural reserve for aging populations.

It has been postulated that bilingualism may act as a cognitive reserve and recent behavioral evidence shows that bilinguals are diagnosed with dementia about 4-5 years later compared to monolinguals. In the present study, we investigated the neural basis of these putative protective effects in a group of aging bilinguals as compared to a matched monolingual control group. For this purpose, participants completed the Erikson Flanker task and their performance was correlated to gray matter (GM) volume in order to investigate if cognitive performance predicts GM volume specifically in areas affected by aging. We performed an ex-Gaussian analysis on the resulting RTs and report that aging bilinguals performed better than aging monolinguals on the Flanker task. Bilingualism was overall associated with increased GM in the ACC. Likewise, aging induced effects upon performance correlated only for monolinguals to decreased gray matter in the DLPFC. Taken together, these neural regions might underlie the benefits of bilingualism and act as a neural reserve that protects against the cognitive decline that occurs during aging

Cognitive control for language switching in bilinguals: A quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies

In a quantitative meta-analysis, using the activation likelihood estimation method, we examined the neural regions involved in bilingual cognitive control, particularly when engaging in switching between languages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bilingual cognitive control model based on a qualitative analysis [Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. W. (2008). Control mechanisms in bilingual language production: Neural evidence from language switching studies. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 557-582.]. After reviewing 128 peer-reviewed articles, ten neuroimaging studies met our inclusion criteria and in each study, bilinguals switched between languages in response to cues. We isolated regions involved in voluntary language switching, by including reported contrasts between the switching conditions and high level baseline conditions involving similar tasks but requiring the use of only one language. Eight brain regions showed significant and reliable activation: left inferior frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, midline pre-SMA and bilateral caudate nuclei. This quantitative result is consistent with bilingual aphasia studies that report switching deficits associated with lesions to the caudate nuclei or prefrontal cortex. It also extends the previously reported qualitative model. We discuss the implications of the findings for accounts of bilingual cognitive control

Single channel speech separation with a frame-based pitch range estimation method in modulation frequency

Computational Auditory Scene Analysis (CASA) has attracted a lot of interest in segregating speech from monaural mixtures. In this paper, we propose a new method for single channel speech separation with frame-based pitch range estimation in modulation frequency domain. This range is estimated in each frame of modulation spectrum of speech by analyzing onsets and offsets. In the proposed method, target speaker is separated from interfering speaker by filtering the mixture signal with a mask extracted from the modulation spectrogram of mixture signal. Systematic evaluation shows an acceptable level of separation comparing with classic methods

Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis

Speech comprehension and production are governed by control processes. We explore their nature and dynamics in bilingual speakers with a focus on speech production. Prior research indicates that individuals increase cognitive control in order to achieve a desired goal. In the adaptive control hypothesis we propose a stronger hypothesis: Language control processes themselves adapt to the recurrent demands placed on them by the interactional context. Adapting a control process means changing a parameter or parameters about the way it works (its neural capacity or efficiency) or the way it works in concert, or in cascade, with other control processes (e.g., its connectedness). We distinguish eight control processes (goal maintenance, conflict monitoring, interference suppression, salient cue detection, selective response inhibition, task disengagement, task engagement, opportunistic planning). We consider the demands on these processes imposed by three interactional contexts (single language, dual language, and dense code-switching). We predict adaptive changes in the neural regions and circuits associated with specific control processes. A dual-language context, for example, is predicted to lead to the adaptation of a circuit mediating a cascade of control processes that circumvents a control dilemma. Effective test of the adaptive control hypothesis requires behavioural and neuroimaging work that assesses language control in a range of tasks within the same individual. © 2013 Taylor & Francis

O Caminho e a Unidade: Heinrich Von Sybel e Os Dois Momentos do Conceito de Nação na Alemanha Oitocentista

O presente estudo trata de verificar as nuances no conceito de nação nos Estados alemães ao longo de um período do século dezenove. Referenciando dois momentos principais de expressão político-filosófica no pensamento nacional oitocentista ideal e pragmático busco compreender essa mudança de perspectiva em sua relação com a historiografia daquele contexto. Analisando biografia e obra do historiador renano Heinrich von Sybel, viso perscrutar o desenvolvimento gradual de uma perspectiva pragmática em seu ideal nacional, quando após a experiência revolucionária de 1848, seus escritos passaram a absorver elementos que o distanciavam das concepções idealistas características do cientificismo da primeira metade do século