Peer-Level Calibration of Performance Evaluation Ratings: Are There Winners or Losers?

In this study we examine the common practice of employee performance rating calibration, the process in which calibration committee members discuss, compare, and potentially adjust supervisors’ preliminary subjective employee performance ratings. We highlight the inherent incentive conflict related to calibration between the organization and supervisors, where the organization wants calibration to increase consistency in performance ratings while supervisors are also interested in adjustments that benefit themselves. We show that in peer-level calibration, where supervisors are involved in the calibration of their own employees’ ratings, supervisors strategically use this opportunity to influence the calibration process. Specifically, we show that incentive-driven supervisor rating behavior predicts the winners and losers of the peer-level calibration process. The adjustments (or lack thereof) made during the calibration process are not solely driven by the organizational objective of increased rating consistency, but also by supervisors’ incentives. Our research has important implications for the designers of performance evaluation and compensation plans. It highlights the importance of the structural design and the composition of calibration committees, and cautions against overestimating the accuracy of post-calibration performance ratings when using them for important decisions such as promotions and resource allocation

Utvikling av klynger. Et casestudie i Eyde-klyngen

Denne masteroppgaven analyserer klyngeprosjektet Eyde-klyngen. Eyde-klyngen er en næringsorientert klyngeorganisasjon innen prosessindustrien på Sørlandet. I vår studie ønsket vi å studere klyngens historiske utvikling gjennom sitt livsløp. Vi ønsket videre å studere hvilke drivkrefter som har hatt betydning for denne utviklingen, og hva andre klynger kan lære av Eyde-klyngens erfaringer. Studiet har vært et kvalitativt case-studie der vi har intervjuet sentrale respondenter fra klyngens styre, administrasjon og medlemsbedrifter. Studiet identifiserer at klyngen har hatt en sunn utvikling, basert på et fokus på driverne sosial kapital og klyngegovernance. Videre identifiseres det at klyngens medlemmer har lite direkte konkurranse innad i klyngen, og dette legger til rette for at medlemmene kan samarbeide om prosjekter som ligger nært hver enkelt bedrifts strategiske kjerne. Fremover bør klyngen fokusere på å vedlikeholde den sosiale kapital som de har opparbeidet, og øke fokuset på klyngegovernance for å sikre at klyngens initiativer trekker i samme retning

Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithio­phene-4,8-dione

The title mol­ecule, C10H4O2S2, is situated on a crystallographic center of inversion. In the crystal, weak hydrogen bonding contributes to the packing of the mol­ecules

The V-ATPase from etiolated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) shoots is activated by blue light and interacts with 14-3-3 proteins.

The vacuolar

The relationship between managers' goal-setting styles and subordinates' goal commitment

CITATOIN: Van Lill, X., Roodt, G. & De Bruin, G. P. 2020. The relationship between managers' goal-setting styles and subordinates' goal commitment. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 23(1):a3601, doi:10.4102/sajems.v23i1.3601.The original publication is available at https://sajems.orgBackground: Convincing employees to set aside their self-interests and commit to collective goals is essential for the effective functioning of organisations. It is critical that the impact of different managerial goal-setting styles, and the associated impressions of fair interpersonal treatment in the workplace, is understood from subordinates’ perspective. This might clarify the psychological mechanisms involved in motivating subordinates to commit to organisational goals. Aim: The primary aim of this article is to determine the relationship between managers’ goal-setting styles and subordinates’ goal commitment. The secondary aim is to determine whether this relationship is mediated by interactional justice. Setting: A total of 451 working adults completed an online or paper-and-pen survey. Methods: A mediator model was conducted in structural equation modelling with maximum likelihood estimation and Bollen-Stine bootstrapping, with 5000 bootstrap resamples, to test the hypotheses. Results: The perception that managers are deliberative had the greatest positive direct relationship with subordinates’ goal commitment, followed by the directive style. Subordinates’ perception of managers as complaisant, in turn, were unrelated to goal commitment (amotivational), whereas the perception of managers as hostile had a negative relationship with goal commitment. Informational justice, not interpersonal justice, emerged as the only mediating variable. Conclusion: Managers should be encouraged to actively seek feedback from subordinates on their goal-setting styles. Managers can accordingly adapt their behaviour to effectively motivate subordinates to commit to organisational goals.https://sajems.org/index.php/sajems/article/view/3601Publisher's versio

Homoleptic imidazolate frameworks (3)(infinity)[Sr1-xEux(Im)(2)]-hybrid materials with efficient and tuneable luminescence.

Homoleptic frameworks of the formula 3∞[Sr1−xEux(Im)2] (1) x = 0.01–1.0; Im− = imidazolate anion, C3H3N2−) are hybrid materials that exhibit an intensive green luminescence. Tuning of both emission wavelength and quantum yield is achieved by europium/strontium substitution so that a QE of 80% is reached at a Eu content of 5%. Even 100% pure europium imidazolate still shows 60% absolute quantum efficiency. Substitution of Sr/Eu shows that doping with metal cations can also be utilized for coordination compounds to optimize materials properties. The emission is finely tuneable in the region 495–508 nm via variation of the europium content. The series of frameworks 3∞[Sr1−xEux(Im)2] presents dense MOFs with the highest quantum yields reported for MOFs so far

Scarring Effects on Tunneling in Chaotic Double-Well Potentials

The connection between scarring and tunneling in chaotic double-well potentials is studied in detail through the distribution of level splittings. The mean level splitting is found to have oscillations as a function of energy, as expected if scarring plays a role in determining the size of the splittings, and the spacing between peaks is observed to be periodic of period {$2\pi\hbar$} in action. Moreover, the size of the oscillations is directly correlated with the strength of scarring. These results are interpreted within the theoretical framework of Creagh and Whelan. The semiclassical limit and finite-{$\hbar$} effects are discussed, and connections are made with reaction rates and resonance widths in metastable wells.Comment: 22 pages, including 11 figure

Assessing the permissiveness of transcriptional activator binding sites

Both genetic and biochemical data suggest that transcriptional activators with little sequence homology nevertheless function through interaction with a shared group of coactivators. Here we show that a series of peptidomimetic transcriptional activation domains interact under cell-fiee and cellular conditions with the metazoan coactivator CBP despite differences in the positioning and identity of the constituent functional groups. Taken together, these results suggest that a key activator binding site within CBP is permissive, accepting multiple arrangements of hydrophobic functional groups. Further, this permissiveness is also observed with a coactivator from S. cerevisiae . Thus, the design of small molecule mimics of transcriptional activation domains with broad function may be more straightforward than previously envisioned. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 578–581, 2008. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at [email protected] Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58587/1/20946_ftp.pd

Absence of surrogate light chain results in spontaneous autoreactive germinal centres expanding VH81X-expressing B cells

Random recombination of antibody heavy- and light-chain genes results in a diverse B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire including self-reactive BCRs. However, tolerance mechanisms that prevent the development of self-reactive B cells remain incompletely understood. The absence of the surrogate light chain, which assembles with antibody heavy chain forming a pre-BCR, leads to production of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). Here we show that the naive follicular B-cell pool is enriched for cells expressing prototypic ANA heavy chains in these mice in a non-autoimmune background with a broad antibody repertoire. This results in the spontaneous formation of T-cell-dependent germinal centres that are enriched with B cells expressing prototypic ANA heavy chains. However, peripheral tolerance appears maintained by selection thresholds on cells entering the memory B-cell and plasma cell pools, as exemplified by the exclusion of cells expressing the intrinsically self-reactive VH81X from both pool

Luminescence tuning of MOFs via ligand to metal and metal to metal energy transfer by co-doping of 2∞[Gd2Cl6(bipy)3]*2bipy with europium and terbium

The series of anhydrous lanthanide chlorides LnCl3, Ln=Pr–Tb, and 4,4'-bipyridine (bipy) constitute isotypic MOFs of the formula 2∞[Ln2Cl6(bipy)3]*2bipy. The europium and terbium containing compounds both exhibit luminescence of the referring trivalent lanthanide ions, giving a red luminescence for Eu3+ and a green luminescence for Tb3+ triggered by an efficient antenna effect of the 4,4'-bipyridine linkers. Mixing of different lanthanides in one MOF structure was undertaken to investigate the potential of this MOF system for colour tuning of the luminescence. Based on the gadolinium containing compound, co-doping with different amounts of europium and terbium proves successful and yields solid solutions of the formula 2∞[Gd2-x-yEuxTbyCl6(bipy)3]*2bipy (1–8), 0≤x, y≤0.5. The series of MOFs exhibits the opportunity of tuning the emission colour in-between green and red. Depending on the atomic ratio Gd:Eu:Tb, the yellow region was covered for the first time for an oxygen/carboxylate-free MOF system. In addition to a ligand to metal energy transfer (LMET) from the lowest ligand-centered triplet state of 4,4'-bipyridine, a metal to metal energy transfer (MMET) between 4f-levels from Tb3+ to Eu3+ is as well vital for the emission colour. However, no involvement of Gd3+ in energy transfers is observed rendering it a suitable host lattice ion and connectivity centre for diluting the other two rare earth ions in the solid state. The materials retain their luminescence during activation of the MOFs for microporosity