The Morality of Law

This thesis defends a unified theory of morality and law: the one-system view or the normative continuity between morality and law. The one-system view contends that law and morality belong to one normative domain: the moral domain or the domain of practical reason. As part of the moral domain, the law is and ought to be made, interpreted and applied within the limits of moral justification. Legal duties are moral duties because the law belongs to the moral domain; consequently, what cannot be morally justified cannot be justified legally. The possibility of having more than one morally right answer to a legal case does not contradict the moral thesis. However, it rules out the possibility of a law that cannot be morally justified. Contrary to legal positivism, which argues that anything, including wicked decrees, can attain the status of law, this thesis denies the legal standing to laws that cannot be morally justified. Acknowledging or denying the status of law to ‘wicked laws’ is the bone of contention between legal positivism and legal non-positivism. There seems to be no middle ground and no possibility of sublating these two positions into a higher synthesis. One of the virtues of legal positivism is that it has highlighted the autonomy of positive law, which is inevitable and morally necessary for the validity of the law. Our disagreement is about the status of the morality of law: is law moral? I argue that the non-positivist legal theory defended here avoids the problems and the shortcomings of legal positivism that arise from denying the morality of law. The thesis, therefore, squarely situates itself within the tradition of non-positivism. The thesis has four chapters. The first chapter presents and criticises the legal positivist understanding of the normativity of the law. The second chapter addresses the question of the morality of law through Dworkin’s analysis of the relationship between law and morality. Finally, chapters three and four discuss the questions of the legal status of wicked laws and the justification for disobeying the law

Winter tourism in North Macedonia and its impact in the economic growth

In this paper we gave an overview of winter tourism in North Macedonia, how tourism is developed here, which are the best and attractive places to visit ,also the highest and prettiest mountains have been mention ,best hotels for accommodation in Mavrovo, Popova Sapka and Pelister, best restaurants for food that will make it easier for the tourists to decide where to eat. What North Macedonia offer for people who like winter tourism and skiing, which are the most popular places that are visited by domestic and foreign visitors and most atracttive places for Skiing, what people can enjoy while they visit mountains in North Macedonia. Also is given a good picture and explanation of the famous place like Mavrovo,one of the Largest National Park and best ski resort to be offered, the Mountain Of Ice Lakes And Popova Sapka also best places for skiing and snowboarding, where there are 20 km of slopes available, and Pelister is another famous National Park in the Municipality of Bitola, filled with remarkable flora and fauna, where we presented the natural beauties and capacities of these places. In this paper have also been mentioned what could be the possible benefits from winter tourism, who is the most visited and preferred by visitors and has there been a large influx of tourists for this year, have there been changes and investments by the government, are the roads to these destinations accessible, what prices are offered, do they offer good conditions for the visitors? What impact does winter tourism have on the economic growth of the country and how attractive is it for tourists from the neighboring countries, from which countries most of the visitors are that visit Macedonian mountains, what need to be improved in the near future in order to attract more tourist

Trends in the Environmental Health Job Market for New Graduates

The question of whether the job market can support future graduates of environmental health programs remains an important and difficult question for environmental health programs, current and prospective students, parents, and other stakeholders. Our previous report using 2014 data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics demonstrated anticipated growth and higher than average pay in the profession through at least 2022 for baccalaureate degree holders (Marion & Sinde, 2015). Growth in the profession does not necessarily translate into job availability if the market is saturated with job candidates. While university programs produce graduates, local health departments (LHDs) have suffered tremendous job losses nationally. Although there was a net gain of 850 positions in LHDs in 2016, the U.S. has 50,000 fewer LHD employees today than one decade ago. For monitoring potential changes in job availability, an annual survey is performed among the 32 programs accredited by the National Environmental Health Science and Protection Accreditation Council (EHAC). The results of the last six surveys (2012 - 2017) pertaining to job outlooks were evaluated. Using the responses to the overarching categories of public sector and private sector employment, descriptive analyses and a logistic regression model were performed to see if programs perceiving increasing job growth were oriented more toward having graduates placed in private sector positions. Overall, over half of accredited EHAC undergraduate and graduate programs perceive increasing job opportunities for their graduating students. The programs most closely aligned to the private sector reported more favorable job outlook scenarios for their graduates. Specifically, the odds of perceiving an increasing market for graduates increased six-fold for each percent increase in the number of recent graduates working in private industry (OR = 6.0, 95% CI: 1.1, 32). Most of the programs that are most closely aligned to public sector employment opportunities perceive either no change or increasing opportunities in the job market. Future studies among recent graduates taking into consideration salary differences between public and private employers are encouraged. Such discrepancies, if any, between public versus private salaries among EHAC graduates could be useful in informing environmental public health budgets and policies

The difference betveen two brands (hotels) business systems in tourism and catering

We live in a world where everything revolves around brands.Thirty years ago, the most commonly used word in the jargon of large corporations was the term "marketing". Today, a new word that has already become inseparable from marketing is the word brand and the term branding, which is derived from it. In marketing, the brand is a symbolic representation of all product-related information. A product is anything that is offered on the market that meets the needs and desires. However, it is much more than just a physical object. It is a complete "package" of benefits or pleasures that the buyer believes he gets if he buys the product. It is the sum of all physical, psychological, symbolic and service characteristics The brand is created with long-term, persistent and patient work on the formation of its own offer. It is well known that all attempts to create brands do not lead to brands. Careful planning and constant long-term investment are the foundations for creating a "strong" brand. It should be known and always kept in mind that the once created brand is not a guarantee of eternity. The brand is created and created, but it changes and loses over time. Creating a strong or strong brand is focused on consumers The purpose of the seminar work is to emphasize the importance and role of the brand in the hotel industry. Moreover, we have studied the relationship between the level of satisfaction of guests and hotel brands. Herein, as an example, I have described two of the best hotels in Macedonia, the Alexander Palace Hotel and the New Star Hotel as a brand. We have thus explained what these Hotels offer, what are the differences between them. That is their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats

Metallothioneins 2 and 3 contribute to the metal-adapted phenotype but are not directly linked to Zn accumulation in the metal hyperaccumulator, Thlaspi caerulescens

To study the role of metallothioneins (MTs) in Zn accumulation, the expression of TcMT2a, TcMT2b, and TcMT3 was analysed in three accessions and 15 F3 families of two inter-accession crosses of the Cd/Zn hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens, with different degrees of Zn accumulation. The highest expression levels were found in the shoots of a superior metal-accumulating calamine accession from St Laurent le Minier, with >10-fold TcMT3 expression compared with another calamine accession and a non-metallicolous accession. Moreover, F3 sibling lines from the inter-accession crosses that harboured the MT2a or MT3 allele from St Laurent le Minier had higher expression levels. However, there was no co-segregation of TcMT2a or TcMT3 expression and Zn accumulation. To examine the functions of TcMTs in plants, TcMT2a and TcMT3 were ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis. The transformant lines had reduced root length in control medium but not at high metal concentrations, suggesting that the ectopically expressed proteins interfered with the physiological availability of essential metals under limited supply. The Arabidopsis transformant lines did not show increased tolerance to Cd, Cu, or Zn, nor increased Cd or Zn accumulation. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that in roots, MT2 protein is localized in the epidermis and root hairs of both T. caerulescens and Arabidopsis thaliana. The results suggest that TcMT2a, TcMT2b, and TcMT3 are not primarily involved in Zn accumulation as such. However, the elevated expression levels in the metallicolous accessions suggests that they do contribute to the metal-adapted phenotype, possibly through improving Cu homeostasis at high Zn and Cd body burdens. Alternatively, they might function as hypostatic enhancers of Zn or Cd tolerance

Stability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in prebiotic edible films

The concept of prebiotic edible films as effective vehicles for encapsulating probiotic living cells is presented. Four soluble fibres (inulin, polydextrose, glucose-oligosaccharides and wheat dextrin) were selected as prebiotic co-components of gelatine based matrices plasticised with glycerol and used for the immobilisation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. The addition of prebiotics was associated with a more compact and uniform film structure, with no detectable interspaces or micropores; probiotic inclusion did not significantly change the structure of the films. Glucose-oligosaccharides and polydextrose significantly enhanced L. rhamnosus GG viability during air drying (by 300% and 75%, respectively), whilst a 33% and 80% reduction in viable counts was observed for inulin and wheat dextrin. Contrarily, inulin was the most effective at controlling the sub-lethal effects on L. rhamnosus GG during storage. However, in all cases the supplementation of edible films with prebiotics ameliorated the storage stability of L. rhamnosus GG

A longitudinal study to examine the influence of farming practices and environmental factors on pathogen prevalence using structural equation modeling

The contamination of fresh produce with foodborne pathogens has been an on-going concern with outbreaks linked to these commodities. Evaluation of farm practices, such as use of manure, irrigation water source, and other factors that could influence pathogen prevalence in the farming environment could lead to improved mitigation strategies to reduce the potential for contamination events. Soil, water, manure, and compost were sampled from farms in Ohio and Georgia to identify the prevalence of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), Campylobacter, and Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), as well as Arcobacter, an emerging human pathogen. This study investigated agricultural practices to determine which influenced pathogen prevalence, i.e., the percent positive samples. These efforts identified a low prevalence of Salmonella, STEC, and Campylobacter in soil and water (< 10%), preventing statistical modeling of these pathogens. However, Lm and Arcobacter were found in soil (13 and 7%, respectively), manure (49 and 32%, respectively), and water samples (18 and 39%, respectively) at a comparatively higher prevalence, suggesting different dynamics are involved in their survival in the farm environment. Lm and Arcobacter prevalence data, soil chemical characteristics, as well as farm practices and weather, were analyzed using structural equation modeling to identify which factors play a role, directly or indirectly, on the prevalence of these pathogens. These analyses identified an association between pathogen prevalence and weather, as well as biological soil amendments of animal origin. Increasing air temperature increased Arcobacter and decreased Lm. Lm prevalence was found to be inversely correlated with the use of surface water for irrigation, despite a high Lm prevalence in surface water suggesting other factors may play a role. Furthermore, Lm prevalence increased when the microbiome’s Simpson’s Diversity Index decreased, which occurred as soil fertility increased, leading to an indirect positive effect for soil fertility on Lm prevalence. These results suggest that pathogen, environment, and farm management practices, in addition to produce commodities, all need to be considered when developing mitigation strategies. The prevalence of Arcobacter and Lm versus the other pathogens suggests that multiple mitigation strategies may need to be employed to control these pathogens