Increasing Incidence of Geomyces destructans Fungus in Bats from the Czech Republic and Slovakia

BACKGROUND: White-nose syndrome is a disease of hibernating insectivorous bats associated with the fungus Geomyces destructans. It first appeared in North America in 2006, where over a million bats died since then. In Europe, G. destructans was first identified in France in 2009. Its distribution, infection dynamics, and effects on hibernating bats in Europe are largely unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We screened hibernacula in the Czech Republic and Slovakia for the presence of the fungus during the winter seasons of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010. In winter 2009/2010, we found infected bats in 76 out of 98 surveyed sites, in which the majority had been previously negative. A photographic record of over 6000 hibernating bats, taken since 1994, revealed bats with fungal growths since 1995; however, the incidence of such bats increased in Myotis myotis from 2% in 2007 to 14% by 2010. Microscopic, cultivation and molecular genetic evaluations confirmed the identity of the recently sampled fungus as G. destructans, and demonstrated its continuous distribution in the studied area. At the end of the hibernation season we recorded pathologic changes in the skin of the affected bats, from which the fungus was isolated. We registered no mass mortality caused by the fungus, and the recorded population decline in the last two years of the most affected species, M. myotis, is within the population trend prediction interval. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: G. destructans was found to be widespread in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, with an epizootic incidence in bats during the most recent years. Further development of the situation urgently requires a detailed pan-European monitoring scheme

Comparison of the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of ST-246® after IV Infusion or Oral Administration in Mice, Rabbits and Monkeys

ST-246® is an antiviral, orally bioavailable small molecule in clinical development for treatment of orthopoxvirus infections. An intravenous (IV) formulation may be required for some hospitalized patients who are unable to take oral medication. An IV formulation has been evaluated in three species previously used in evaluation of both efficacy and toxicology of the oral formulation. plasma concentrations. These effects were eliminated using slower IV infusions. associated toxicity. Shorter infusions at higher doses in NHP resulted in decreased clearance, suggesting saturated distribution or elimination. Elimination half-lives in all species were similar between oral and IV administration. The administration of ST-246 was well tolerated as a slow IV infusion

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Pedagogical memory and the space of the postcolonial classroom : reading Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions

This article addresses issues of the mnemonic space of the literature classroom by interrogating a classic text of African women’s writing, Tsitsi Dangaremnga’s Nervous Conditions (1988) for the ways it speaks about education in 1960s and 1970s late-colonial Rhodesia. The article suggests that the novel reviews and critiques a number of memorial strategies that were crucial to the colonial educational system, thereby facilitating a reflexive application of the novel’s concerns to the contexts in which it is often taught, that of today’s postcolonial classrooms. The article seeks to place Dangarembga’s novel in the context of its present moment, contemporary South Africa – that of the present critic’s site of practice, both pedagogical and scholarly, and that of many of this article’s readers. This present moment, in turn, is made up the many sites, successive and simultaneous, in which the novel’s work of memory is being re-activated in the minds of students as readers and writers. Via a dialogue between the textual past and the pedagogical present, one which is often subject to critical amnesia, the article seeks to inaugurate a debate on the nature of pedagogical memory in the space of the postcolonial university or high school literature classroom.http://www.informaworld.com/RSCRhb2013gv201

Komparatistik und Sozialwissenschaften

Statt die fruchtlosen Debatten über die Erweiterung oder Ergänzung ihres Aufgabenbereichs fortzusetzen, sollte sich die Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft auf die Zeit ihrer Entstehung besinnen, da sie sich (vor allem in Frankreich) parallel zur Philosophie und den Sozialwissenschaften entwickelte. Emile Durkheims Einladung an Gustave Lanson, einen Vortrag zum Thema 'L'Histoire littéraire et la sociologie' (1904) an der Ecole des Hautes Etudes zu halten, hatte damals eine symbolische Bedeutung, die heute im sozialwissenschaftlichen Kontext aktualisiert werden könnte. Denn nur eine Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft, die Anschluß an die sozialwissenschaftlichen Debatten der Vergangenheit und der Gegenwart sucht, kann hoffen, eine theoretische Dynamik zu entfalten, die sie für ihre Gesprächspartner in den Sozialwissenschaften interessant werden läßt. Zu diesen Gesprächspartnern gehören vor allem die anderen Komparatistiken, die von Philologen bisher kaum beachtet wurden: die Vergleichende Soziologie, Semiotik, Politikwissenschaft, Wirtschaftswissenschaft und Rechtswissenschaft. Von ihnen, ihren Problemen und Lösungsvorschlägen, kann die literarische Komparatistik einiges lernen. Zugleich kann sie in bestimmten Fällen den Sozialwissenschaftlern helfen, ihre Probleme zu lösen und neue Probleme zu erkennen

장·단편 소설과 정신분석학

사회 역사적인 발전의 틀에서 20세기 특유의 문화적 현상들을 설명하자면, 가치체계의 탈가치화에 대한 본질적인 근거는 근대 시민사회의 경제적 기반에 놓여 있다. 그에 따라 소설과 정신분석학에서 모든 문화적 가치들이 교환가치에 의해 무력해지는 현상을 발견 할 수 있다. 결론적으로 나는 시장가치와 무의식 사이에 상동성이 존재한다고 본다

Ähnlichkeit und Differenz in der Komparatistik. Der Vergleich als Begriffsbestimmung

Der gängigen Vorstellung, die literarische Komparatistik habe keine eigene Theorie, wird hier mit einem Entwurf begegnet, der auf dem Gedanken gründet, dass der Vergleich als solcher ein theore- tisches Potenzial birgt. Er gestattet es, Erscheinungen wie „Konversationsdrama“, „Modernismus“ oder „Avantgarde“ im interkulturellen Kontext näher zu bestimmen. Dies gilt auch für die Definition von Begriffen wie „Literaturwissenschaft“ und „Diskurs“, die nur durch einen interkulturellen Vergleich als umfassende, konkrete Begriffsbestimmung ermöglicht wird. Der Vergleich wird hier in seinen beiden Grundformen – als typologischer und genetischer Vergleich – textsoziologisch oder soziosemiotisch aufgefasst und in eine sozio-linguistische Situation eingebettet, in der Literatur und Gesellschaft über Sprachstrukturen (Soziolekte und Diskurse) miteinander vermittelt werden

Replik auf Eckhard Lobsiens Rezension meines Buches 'Essay / Essayismus'.

Es ist nicht immer lohnend, mit einer Replik auf Rezensionen zu reagieren, weil Rezensenten in den meisten Fällen etwas übersehen, missverstehen oder auslassen, weil sie eben nicht alles kommentieren können. Im Falle von Eckhard Lobsien drängt sich eine Replik geradezu auf, weil er nicht einfach etwas Wichtiges übersehen, sondern alles Wesentliche – d. h. alle Kernargumente – ausgelassen hat. So ist es wohl zu erklären, dass ich in seiner Rezension mein Buch 'Essay / Essayismus. Zum theoretischen Potenzial des Essays: Von Montaigne bis zur Postmoderne' (2012, nicht 2013) überhaupt nicht erkannt habe. Worum geht es in diesem Buch