A Europe-wide inventory of citizen-led energy action with data from 29 countries and over 10000 initiatives

Numerous case studies show that citizens engage in various ways in renewable and low carbon energy projects, thereby contributing to the sustainable energy transition. To date, however, a systematic and cross-country database on citizen-led initiatives and projects is lacking. By performing a major compilation and reviewing copious data sources from websites to official registries, we provide a Europe-wide inventory with over 10,000 initiatives and 16,000 production units in 29 countries, focusing on the past 20 years. Our data allow cross-country statistical analysis, supporting the elicitation of empirical insights capable of extending beyond the perspective of single case studies. Our data also align with ongoing efforts to implement two EU Directives that aim at strengthening the active role of citizens in the energy transition. While the focus of our data collection is on Europe, the data and methodology can contribute to the global analysis of citizen-led energy action

Survey of the Influence of Brand Extension on Final Brand Image in Food Industries (Manuscript Number: 2156)

ABSTRACT In present age, because of a great diversity in people's interests and preferences, organizations are increasingly seeking to provide new products which respond to these interests. On the other hand, increasing costs of introducing new products with new brands drives managers toward employing appropriate strategies in order to reduce those costs. One of such strategies is product brand extension and from every 10 products, 8 ones are introduced to the market in this way. Also in present competitive market retaining current customer is less costly than recruiting new ones. Thus encouraging current customers toward using firm products more frequently is an obvious and rational thing. This forces the firms to use strategies which lead customers to purchase more frequently in addition to retaining them. On the other hand, accepting a new brand by consumers and establishment of it in the market take too long while success of introducing a new product with a previous known brand is more likely because the product is quickly recognized in market, faces with early acceptance and can enter new product classes easily. The above said points are some of the reasons for employing brand extension strategy. Present research was conducted with the aim of examining the effect of product brand extension on product brand image. KEY WORDS: brand extension, brand image, brand loyalty, image fit, brand awareness. 1-Introduction One of the new management orientations is towards brands and managing them. This approach is of vital and significant status in all manufacturing firms. Today managers should pay special attention to their most valuable capitals i.e. their brands in order to improve and develop their performance. There are various strategies for choosing proper name for new products; some firms employ current product brand and others prefer a new brand. Employing current products band also known as band extension is one of the strategies being widely used today. One of the questions the firms facing with is that how the new products with original brand influence brand image of customers. In fact, firms are seeking to find out whether employing brand extension improves the brand image or degrades it. On the hand, another question the firms facing with is that in the case the new product is not in the same group of existing ones, whether the influence on acceptance of brand extension strategy would be positive or negative. According to literature, many factors may contribute to the effect of initial brand image on brand extension and also the effect of brand extension on final brand image some of them consisting of: perceived quality of brand extension, trust in brand, value obtained from brand extension, brand personality, initial and final brand image fit, brand loyalty, brand awareness, etc. The present study seeks to examine the effects of image fit, brand loyalty and brand awareness on brand extension strategy and the effect of the latter on final brand image. Research purpose: Main purpose of the research is to evaluated the effect of product extension on brand image and find put the factors moderating this effect. A study conducted in 1995 examined the effect of brand equality on success of brand extension

FAIR and Open Energy Data for the wind Energy Sector

The future of the planet depends on how we produce energy. A reliable, affordable, sustainable, and decarbonized energy system is vital for the energy sector. Clean energy development is essential for tackling climate change and mitigate its worst consequences. Transitioning to an energy system based on renewable technologies will have significant environmental and economic benefits worldwide. Wind energy is one of the most important sources of clean and renewable energy. The development of this industry will increase its contribution to the global energy supply chain and thus mitigate climate change. Increases in energy production technically increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions only if renewable energies replace fossil fuels, leading to lower GHG emissions. Data sharing and data governance enable humans and machines to interact and collaborate more efficiently, enabling the deployment of Artificial Intelligence-supported smart energy systems. For example, improved data access and collaboration in the wind energy sector will help better predict wind energy and improve the integration of this intermittent energy source into the electricity grid. FAIR data refers to a database that meets principles of Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability. FAIR and open data are seen as a way forward to ensure data sharing in the wind energy sector. Consequently, this thesis evaluates the state of FAIR and opens data in the wind industry. 47 databases were evaluated using a manual and an automatic assessment method. Manual assessment is done by the ‘self-FAIR assessment tool’ developed by the Australian Research Data Common (ARDC). The automatic assessment is done by ‘The FAIR Maturity Evaluation Service’ developed by Mark D Wilkinson. Findings show that FAIR principles are not well implemented in the wind industry. Of the assessed databases, only 28% comply with FAIR principles based on automatic assessment, and 45% based on manual assessment. Furthermore, only 30% of the databases are open. The thesis concludes with identifying barriers and recommendations to improve the overall score for FAIRness

Factors Affecting Energy Consumption in the Agricultural Sector of Iran: The Application of ARDL-FUZZY

Given the unlimited needs of mankind and the limited resources available, human beings have always been thinking about how to use the available resources and facilities optimally. Energy plays an important role in economic activities and it is of great importance in agriculture. Over the past four decades, energy consumption in the agricultural sector has increased tremendously. In Iran, energy used to be provided with subsidies to various economic sectors like agriculture in order to support the production. In this study, the ARDL- FUZZY method is used to study the effect of various factors on energy consumption in Iran's agricultural sector. The data on energy consumption by the agricultural sector, the share of the agricultural sector in the economy, the ratio of capital to labor, energy intensity, and energy prices were collected for the period 1974-2015. The results indicate that the share of the agricultural sector has a positive and significant effect on energy consumption over the studied period. The capital/labor ratio has a positive effect on energy consumption. Energy intensity in the studied period eventually has an irregular trend and has a positive effect on energy consumption in this sector. Energy prices (fossil fuels and electricity) have a negative effect (a low level of significance) on energy consumption. Therefore, it is suggested to give more consideration to energy consumption and its underlying factors in policymaking due to the importance of energy and the problem of pollution

Groundwater Valuation by Hedonic Model Land Price Approach))

Water as a production input, like other inputs has demand and thereby price. The applicants of this important source buy water with considering the kind of its consumption and the values of its output. The aim of this paper is to determine the value of groundwater irrigation water and study the influence of water values on agricultural lands values in Meybod County, Iran. To find the market price of irrigation water in agricultural sector the Hedonic price analysis on agricultural lands sales was used. This method is used when the unit price of water is not distinguishable in market place. Therefore, the cluster  sampling method is used, some 93 questionnaires were completed for determining  the values of water and land in 2006-2007. The results show that the Spring kind of water source has not influence on water and land values. On the bases of kinds and qualities, different lands take different values, also water value is related to the soil quality and water value is higher in soils with highest quality

Factors Affecting Energy Consumption in the Agricultural Sector of Iran: The Application of ARDL-FUZZY

Given the unlimited needs of mankind and the limited resources available, human beings have always been thinking about how to use the available resources and facilities optimally. Energy plays an important role in economic activities and it is of great importance in agriculture. Over the past four decades, energy consumption in the agricultural sector has increased tremendously. In Iran, energy used to be provided with subsidies to various economic sectors like agriculture in order to support the production. In this study, the ARDL- FUZZY method is used to study the effect of various factors on energy consumption in Iran's agricultural sector. The data on energy consumption by the agricultural sector, the share of the agricultural sector in the economy, the ratio of capital to labor, energy intensity, and energy prices were collected for the period 1974-2015. The results indicate that the share of the agricultural sector has a positive and significant effect on energy consumption over the studied period. The capital/labor ratio has a positive effect on energy consumption. Energy intensity in the studied period eventually has an irregular trend and has a positive effect on energy consumption in this sector. Energy prices (fossil fuels and electricity) have a negative effect (a low level of significance) on energy consumption. Therefore, it is suggested to give more consideration to energy consumption and its underlying factors in policymaking due to the importance of energy and the problem of pollution

Investigating the Effect of Economic and Non-economic Factors on Energy Demand in Iran's Agricultural Sector

Energy demand and the factors affecting it have been growing in importance due to population growth, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and limited energy resources. In this regard, the agricultural sector of Iran shows an increase in the consumption of various energy carriers in this sector in recent years to increase production, employment, and food security. Given the significance of energy resources and environmental protection, the present study aims to investigate the impact of economic and non-economic factors on energy demand in Iran's agricultural sector over the period 1970-2017 using Markov switching-error correction model. The results indicate that the variable of agricultural production in both Markov regimes has a positive and significant effect on energy demand in this sector. The variable of the diversity of agricultural activities affects energy consumption in the agricultural sector positively. In addition, the impacts of human capital and trade liberalization in the agricultural sector on energy consumption in this sector are positive and significant. It is therefore suggested that to manage and optimize energy consumption, appropriate policies should be implemented in this sector to mitigate the environmental pollution and prevent the reduction of agricultural production

Investigating the Factors Affecting Energy Consumption in the Iranian Agricultural Sector Using Parametric and Nonparametric Methods

Abstract In order to study energy consumption in Iran's agricultural sector, a Genetic algorithm concept was used to calculate significant factors affecting energy consumption between 1974 and 2008. Then, durability or "stability" of variables was assessed through econometric method (Augmented Dickey-Fuller test). In addition, long-term and short-term relationships of energy consumption were estimated using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Results of this study reveal that intensity of energy consumption variables in agricultural sector and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are of great importance and have a considerable impact on energy consumption in agricultural sector of Iran. Therefore, these factors can be beneficial for policies of energy consumption conservation in agriculture sector. Introduction Iran, as a developing country with enormous energy resources, extensive oil reservoirs and large mineral deposits, is an example of growth based on over-exploitation of natural resources Determining and analyzing the effective factors on energy deman

A Europe-wide inventory of citizen-led energy action with data from 29 countries and over 10000 initiatives

Numerous case studies show that citizens engage in various ways in renewable and low carbon energy projects, thereby contributing to the sustainable energy transition. To date, however, a systematic and cross-country database on citizen-led initiatives and projects is lacking. By performing a major compilation and reviewing copious data sources from websites to official registries, we provide a Europe-wide inventory with over 10,000 initiatives and 16,000 production units in 29 countries, focusing on the past 20 years. Our data allow cross-country statistical analysis, supporting the elicitation of empirical insights capable of extending beyond the perspective of single case studies. Our data also align with ongoing efforts to implement two EU Directives that aim at strengthening the active role of citizens in the energy transition. While the focus of our data collection is on Europe, the data and methodology can contribute to the global analysis of citizen-led energy action