Angioarchitecture of the nasal cavity and the carotid rete-cavernous sinus complex and their functional significance in the camel (Camelus dromedarius)

The gross and microscopic anatomy of the blood vessels of the nasal cavity of 30 camels (Camelus dromedarius) were described. The morphology of the carotid rete-cavernous sinus complex was also investigated on these animals;Gross study revealed that the nasal cavity was mainly supplied by the sphenopalatine and ethmoid arteries, and with contribution from their anastomoses with the superior labial and major palatine arteries. The external surface of the nose was supplied by the rostral and caudal lateral nasal arteries. The carotid rete received its blood from the internal carotid artery and the rostral rete branches which arise from the maxillary, and the external ophthalmic arteries;The venous drainage of the nasal cavity and its surrounding areas had five (5) connections with the ophthalmic plexus and cavernous sinus: (1) the infraorbital vein; (2) the medial superior palpebral vein; (3) the medial inferior palpebral vein; (4) the angularis oculi vein to the frontal vein and then to the supraorbital and dorsal external ophthalmic veins; and (5) deep facial vein to the ventral external ophthalmic vein. These veins were devoid of valves;Light and scanning electron microscopic study revealed that the nasal glands were compound tubuloalveolar, mixed type predominantly serous, located deep to, or at the same level as the arteries in the vestibular region. In the rest of the nasal mucosa the glands were simple tubuloalveolar mostly mucous and situated superficial to the blood vessels. The arteries were located deep to the veins, which formed a venous plexus in the respiratory and caudal vestibular regions. Both longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers were discernible in the wall of the angularis oculi and facial veins. The segment of the facial vein between the confluences of the superior labial and common trunk for both dorsal and lateral nasal veins had a very thick tunica media. The carotid rete branches were medium to small sized arteries and shared a common tunica adventitia with the cavernous sinus;Transmission electron microscopic study of the carotid rete-cavernous sinus complex revealed that the endothelial lining of the arterial wall and that of the vein had gap junctions. The internal elastic lamina was fenestrated

Angioarchitecture of the nasal cavity and the carotid rete-cavernous sinus complex and their functional significance in the camel (Camelus dromedarius)

The gross and microscopic anatomy of the blood vessels of the nasal cavity of 30 camels (Camelus dromedarius) were described. The morphology of the carotid rete-cavernous sinus complex was also investigated on these animals;Gross study revealed that the nasal cavity was mainly supplied by the sphenopalatine and ethmoid arteries, and with contribution from their anastomoses with the superior labial and major palatine arteries. The external surface of the nose was supplied by the rostral and caudal lateral nasal arteries. The carotid rete received its blood from the internal carotid artery and the rostral rete branches which arise from the maxillary, and the external ophthalmic arteries;The venous drainage of the nasal cavity and its surrounding areas had five (5) connections with the ophthalmic plexus and cavernous sinus: (1) the infraorbital vein; (2) the medial superior palpebral vein; (3) the medial inferior palpebral vein; (4) the angularis oculi vein to the frontal vein and then to the supraorbital and dorsal external ophthalmic veins; and (5) deep facial vein to the ventral external ophthalmic vein. These veins were devoid of valves;Light and scanning electron microscopic study revealed that the nasal glands were compound tubuloalveolar, mixed type predominantly serous, located deep to, or at the same level as the arteries in the vestibular region. In the rest of the nasal mucosa the glands were simple tubuloalveolar mostly mucous and situated superficial to the blood vessels. The arteries were located deep to the veins, which formed a venous plexus in the respiratory and caudal vestibular regions. Both longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers were discernible in the wall of the angularis oculi and facial veins. The segment of the facial vein between the confluences of the superior labial and common trunk for both dorsal and lateral nasal veins had a very thick tunica media. The carotid rete branches were medium to small sized arteries and shared a common tunica adventitia with the cavernous sinus;Transmission electron microscopic study of the carotid rete-cavernous sinus complex revealed that the endothelial lining of the arterial wall and that of the vein had gap junctions. The internal elastic lamina was fenestrated.</p

Histomorfologia do gânglio de Gasser, da rete mirabile carotídea e da hipófise de bovinos: estudo de 199 casos Histomorphology of the Gasserian ganglion, carotid rete mirabile and pituitary gland in cattle: a study of 199 cases

O complexo heterogêneo de tecidos formado pelo gânglio de Gasser, rete mirabile carotídea e hipófise (GRH) de 199 bovinos foram macro e microscopicamente avaliados. Vinte e um GRH eram de casos confirmados de raiva, 19 com diagnóstico de meningoencefalite por herpesvírus bovino-5 (BoHV-5), 11 casos de febre catarral maligna (FCM), 7 tinham abscesso de pituitária, 17 apresentaram lesões de encefalopatia hepática (status spongiosus) atribuído à fibrose crônica por intoxicação por Senecio sp; e os 124 GRH restantes eram provenientes de bovinos que não apresentaram sinais neurológicos e que morreram ou foram eutanasiados por causas diversas. Nenhuma alteração histológica significativa foi observada no GRH dos 124 bovinos que não tinham sinais neurológicos, nos 17 bovinos com encefalopatia hepática, nem nos 19 bovinos afetados por meningoencefalite por BoHV-5. Alterações inflamatórias foram encontradas em 20 dos 21 casos de raiva e consistiam de proliferação de células satélites, nódulos gliais e infiltrado linfo-plasmocitário; alterações degenerativas incluíam cromatólise central, vacuolização neuronal e necrose neuronal com neuronofagia. Corpúsculos de inclusão eosinofílicos intracitoplasmáticos (de Negri) foram encontrados em 19 dos 21 casos de raiva; neurite do nervo trigêmeo em 11 casos e neuroipofisite em 4 casos. O complexo GRH de 9 de 11 casos de FCM apresentava arterite necrosante, que afetava as artérias da rete mirabile carotídea. Em 7 dos 199 GRH examinados havia abscessos de pituitária caracterizados por agregados de neutrófilos e detritos celulares circundados por infiltrado mononuclear e cápsula fibrosa. Vários achados incidentais foram observados nos 199 GRH examinados histologicamente e não foram correlacionados com alterações ligadas a doenças. Estes incluíam cistos na cavidade hipofisária, agregados de fibrina e neutrófilos no seio cavernoso da rete mirabile carotídea, leve aumento do número de células satélites ao redor dos neurônios do gânglio de Gasser e ocasional vacuolização e lipofuscinose neuronal. O exame histológico do complexo GRH é uma ferramenta importante e confiável no diagnóstico das principais encefalites em bovinos no Brasil.<br>The complex of heterogenous tissues formed by the Gasserian ganglia, carotid rete mirabile and pituitary gland (GRH) from 199 cattle were grossly and histologically evaluated. Twenty one of the GRH were from comfirmed cases of rabies, 19 were diagnosed as cases of meningoencephalitis caused by bovine herpesvirus-5 (BoHV-5), 11 were confirmed cases of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), 7 had pituitary abscesses, 17 had lesions of hepatic encephalopathy (status spongiosus) attributable to chronic liver failure due to Senecio sp poisoning; and the remaining 124 GRH were from cattle which did not present neurological signs and died or were euthanatized due to various causes. No significant histologic changes were observed in the GRH from the 124 cattle which did not present neurological signs, in the GRH of the 17 cattle that had hepatic encephalopathy neither in the GRH of the 19 cattle diagnosed with BoHV-5 meningoencephalitis. Inflammatory changes were found in the Gasserian ganglia of 20 out of 21 cases of rabies and consisted of proliferation of sattelite cells, glial nodules and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate; degenerative changes included central chromatolysis, neuronal vacuolation, and neuronal death with neuronophagia. Characteristic eosinophilic intracytoplasmatic inclusion (Negri) bodies were found in 19 out of 21 cases of rabies, neuritis of the fifth nerve in 11, and neurohypophysitis in 4 cases. The GRH from nine of the eleven cases of MCF had characteristic necrotizing arteritis affecting the arteries of the carotid rete mirabile. In seven cases pituitary abscesses were found; they were characterized by large aggregates of neutrophils admixed with cellular debris and surrounded by mononuclear cells and were walled by a fibrous capsule. Several incidental findings were observed equally in the 199 histologically examined GRH and consequently were non specific for any disease entity. These include cysts in the pituitary cleft, fibrin and neutrophilic aggregates in the cavernous sinus of the carotid rete mirabile, mildly increased numbers of sattelite cells around neurons of the Gasserian ganglia and occasional neuronal vacuolation and lipofuscinosis. It was concluded that the histological examination of the GRH is an important and reliable tool in the diagnosis of the main forms of encephalitis occurring in cattle in Brazil

Síndrome do abscesso pituitário em bezerros associada ao uso de tabuleta nasal para desmame interrompido Pituitary abscess syndrome in calves following injury of the nasal septum by a plastic device used to prevent suckling

Descrevem-se surtos e casos esporádicos de síndrome do abscesso pituitário em bovinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A doença ocorreu em 8 propriedades de gado de corte, nos municípios de Cachoeira do Sul, Lavras do Sul, Bagé, Osório e Vila Nova do Sul, no período de 1998 a 2002. De um total de 2.438 bezerros submetidos ao desmame interrompido com o uso da tabuleta nasal, aproximadamente 35 (1,4%) animais adoeceram e 24 (0,98%) morreram. A idade dos bezerros afetados variava entre 3 e 12 meses. Os animais doentes apresentavam corrimento nasal, depressão, febre, incoordenação motora, andar em círculos, desvio lateral da cabeça, hipermetria, exoftalmia, disfagia, mandíbula caída, protusão lingual, dificuldade de mastigação e sialorréia. Em alguns casos, observou-se também cegueira, acompanhada ou não de turvação dos humores do globo ocular, exoftalmia e opacidade da córnea. Nas fases terminais, ocorriam decúbito lateral, convulsões, nistagmo, opistótono, coma e morte. Os principais achados de necropsia consistiam em abscessos únicos pituitários ou parapituitários que comprimiam dorsalmente o tronco encefálico e nervos cranianos próximos à pituitária. Em alguns casos, havia osteomielite envolvendo o osso baso-esfenóide com a formação de abscessos na substância encefálica, leptomeningite na superfície ventral do encéfalo e medula espinhal cervical e rinite necrosante ou abscedativa associada às lesões traumáticas provocadas pela colocação da tabuleta nasal. Histologicamente, os abscessos correspondiam a grandes agregados de neutrófilos e restos celulares circundados por células mononucleares e proliferação de tecido conjuntivo. Meningite fibrinopurulenta nas leptomeninges do cerebelo, tronco encefálico e medula espinhal cervical também foi observada. Em alguns casos, a inflamação purulenta se estendia para o parênquima da pituitária. Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes foi isolado dos abscessos. O diagnóstico de síndrome do abscesso pituitário foi baseado nos dados epidemiológicos, sinais clínicos, achados macroscópicos, histológicos e microbiológicos.<br>Outbreaks and sporadic cases of the pituitary abscess syndrome are described in calves in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. The disease occurred in eight beef cattle farms in the municipalities of Cachoeira do Sul, Lavras do Sul, Bagé, Osório and Vila Nova do Sul, from 1998 to 2002. Thirty-five (1.4%) out of 2,438 calves with 3-12 months of age were affected and 24 (0.98%) died. A nasal plastic device to prevent suckling had been used in all the affected calves. Clinical signs consisted of nasal discharge, depression, hyperthermia, ataxia, circling, head tilt and hypermetria, exophtalmos, dysphagia, partial mandibular paralysis, prolapse of the tongue, difficulty in chewing, drooling and in some cases blindness accompanied or not by aqueous flare, prolapse of the ocular globe and corneal opacity. In the terminal stages of the disease, there was lateral recumbency, opisthotonus and coma. The main necropsy findings included single large hypophyseal or para-hypophyseal abscesses. Those space-occupying lesions dorsally compressed the brain stem and the cranial nerves adjacent to the hypophysis. In some cases, there was also osteomyelitis of the basisphenoid bone, single or multiple brain abscesses and leptomeningitis affecting the ventral surface of the brain stem and cervical spinal cord. In a few cases, necrotizing or abscedative rhinitis associated with nose device injury was observed. Histologically, those abscesses consisted mainly of neutrophils admixed with cellular debris surrounded by numerous mononuclear cells and a fibrous capsule. Fibrino-suppurative meningitis affecting the leptomeninges of the cerebellum, brain stem and cervical spinal cord was also observed. In some cases, purulent inflammation extended into the hypophyseal parenchyma. Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes was isolated from the abscesses. The diagnosis of pituitary abscess syndrome was based on epidemiological data, clinical signs, necropsy findings, histological alterations and bacterial cultures

Exploring bud dormancy completion with a combined architectural and phenological analysis: the case of the apple tree in contrasting winter temperature conditions

International audience• Premise of the study: The branching pattern and phenology of trees result from interactions between the tree’s genetic constitution and environmental conditions. Temperature strongly affects the duration of bud dormancy and further shoot growth. Our hypothesis was that shoot architecture is strongly affected by winter temperatures determining both the position and budburst of vegetative laterals with a lower effect on their outgrowth. • Methods: The study was conducted on four apple cultivars characterized by various chilling requirements and grown in two contrasting winter temperature conditions. A two-step approach was designed to quantify at the shoot scale first the branching pattern and second two phenological stages of vegetative laterals, budburst and outgrowth. A categorical variable, the branching zone, was built to summarize the lateral position along the shoot. It was integrated into the phenological analysis as a factor together with the cultivar and the winter temperature. • Key results: Temperature had a main effect on the distribution of vegetative laterals along the shoot. It also strongly affected budburst, which was also affected by the cultivar and the branching zone. The outgrowth of the lateral was not significantly affected by temperature but was significantly affected by the cultivar and the branching zone. Furthermore, the delayed senescence and subsequent leaf persistence during winter, characterizing the apple tree in the mild winter temperature condition, had only a weak effect on the distribution of vegetative laterals and on budburst and lateral outgrowth. • Conclusions: The actual shoot architecture and budburst result from an ordered sequence of events with a pivotal role of winter temperatures on the dormancy completion of individual lateral buds. Endogenous factors related to the cultivar branching pattern overtake the temperature effect on the lateral outgrowth