Comportamiento de 13 modelos de cinta de riego en condiciones de invernadero con agua regenerada

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido seleccionar modelos de cinta de riego con una mejor adaptación a las condiciones de invernadero y riego con aguas regeneradas. Se ha evaluado el comportamiento de 13 modelos comerciales de cintas de riego seleccionados de entre los más utilizados en los cultivos hortícolas al aire libre, y aquellos que, las empresas instaladoras y fabricantes consideren que, por sus características, pueden tener un buen comportamiento con este tipo de aguas. En la evaluación de campo todos los emisores han presentado valores de uniformidad elevados al comienzo de la campaña de riego. Cinco de las cintas se clasifican como excelentes y el resto como buenas. Al finalizar las 114 horas de trabajo decae sustancialmente la uniformidad. El comportamiento tras la finalización de la primera campaña de riego se puede considerar equiparable al obtenido en un estudio previo con una selección de 20 emisores en ramal convencional y este tipo de aguas. Se puede concluir que las cintas de riego localizado pueden ser una alternativa a los ramales de riego convencionales cuando se riega con aguas residuales urbanas regeneradas, siempre que se elija un material de una mínima calidad y el ratio de sustitución garantice una uniformidad alta

Calibration of Hydrus-3D model for drip irrigation on stratified soil for intensive agriculture (sand covered soil)

[EN] The development of the wet bulb under drip irrigation in sand covered soils presents a different behavior from that observed under homogeneous soils. The presence of a very active crop also imposes a series of variations that have not been fully characterized. The aim of this work is to present the data acquisition methodology and the necessary precautions to obtain a model that accurately defines the evolution of moisture in wet bulbs generated in sanded soils characteristic of intensive horticultural crops. The procedure for collecting and processing moisture data in stratified soils has been defined. The soil and permeability curve has been adjusted experimentally for each material. It has been proved that the Hydrus-3D model can reproduce the behavior of a sand covered soils and it has been possible to verify that the predictions are adequate to what has been observed in the field.[ES] El desarrollo del bulbo mojado bajo riego localizado en suelos enarenados presenta un comportamiento diferente del observado bajo suelos homogéneos. La presencia de un cultivo muy activo, también impone una serie de variaciones que no han sido plenamente caracterizadas. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la metodología de adquisición de datos y las precauciones necesarias para obtener un modelo que defina con precisión la evolución de la humedad en los bulbos húmedos generados en suelos enarenados característicos de los cultivos hortícolas intensivos. Se ha definido el procedimiento de toma y procesado de datos de humedad en suelos estratificados. Se ha ajustado experimentalmente la curva de retención de humedad del suelo y permeabilidad para cada material. Se ha comprobado que el modelo Hydrus-3D puede reproducir el comportamiento de un suelo enarenado y se ha podido comprobar que las predicciones son adecuadas a lo observado en campo.INIA, Proyecto RTA2015-00029-C02-02, Gestión Sostenible del Regadío en la Agricultura Intensiva de AndalucíaZapata-Sierra, A.; Roldán-Cañas, J.; Reyes-Requena, R.; Moreno-Pérez, M. (2021). Calibración del Modelo Hydrus-3D para el riego localizado en suelos estratificados con cultivo intensivo (enarenado). Ingeniería del agua. 25(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2021.13159OJS114251Amin, M.S.M., Ekhmaj, A.I.M. 2006. DIPAC-drip irrigation water distribution pattern calculator. 7th Int. Micro Irrigation Congress, PWTC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 10-12.Arbat, G., Puig-Bargués, J., Duran-Ros, M., Barragan, J., Cartagena, F. 2013. Drip-Irriwater: Computer software to simulate soil wetting patterns under surface drip irrigation. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 98, 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2013.08.009Bouyoucos, G.J. 1936. Directions for making mechanical analysis of soils by the hydrometer method. Soil Science, 42, 225-230. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193609000-00007Brooks, R., Corey, T. 1964. Hydraulic properties of porous media. Hydrology Papers nº 3, Fort Collings. Colorado State University.Chu, S.T. 1994. Geen-Ampt Analysis of wetting patterns for surface emitters. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 120(2), 414-421. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1994)120:2(414)Fernández, J.E., Moreno, F., Cabrera, F., Arrue, J.L., Martín-Aranda, J. 1991. Drip irrigation, soil characteristics and the root distribution and root activity of olive trees. Plant and soil, 133(2), 239-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00009196Karmeli, D., Peri, G., Todes, M. 1985. Irrigation Systems: Design and Operation. Ed. Oxford University Press. Cape Town. Newman, E. 1966. A Method of Estimating the Total Length of Root in a Sample. Journal of Applied Ecology, 3(1), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.2307/2401670Pérez, J., López, J., Fernández, M.D. 2002. La agricultura del sureste: situación actual y tendencias de las estructuras de producción en la horticultura almeriense, 2a. edición Madrid: Editorial Caja Rural Intermediterránea.Schwartzman, M., Zur, B. 1986. Emitter spacing and geometry ofwetted soil volume. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,112(3), 242-253. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1986)112:3(242)Šimunek, J., Van Genuchten, M.T., Šejna, M. 2012. HYDRUS: Model use, calibration, and validation. Transactions of the ASABE, 55(4), 1263-1274. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42239Van Genuchten, M.T. 1980. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils 1. Soil science society of America journal, 44(5), 892-898. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002xVrugt, J., Hopmans, J., Šimunek, J. 2001a. Calibration of a two-dimensional root water uptake model. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65(4), 1027-1037. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.6541027xVrugt, J.A., Van Wijk, M.T., Hopmans, J.W., Šimunek, J. 2001b. One-, two-, and three-dimensional root water uptake functions for transient modeling. Water Resources Research, 37(10), 2457-2470. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR000027Willmott, C.J. 1981, On the Validation of Models. Physical Geography, 2(2), 184-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.1981.10642213Zapata-Sierra, A.J., López-Segura, J.G., Cánovas-Fernández, G., Baeza-Cano, R. 2018. Caracterización del bulbo mojado por un gotero en suelos arenados mediante sondas fdr. XXXVI Congreso Nacional de Riegos, Valladolid, 2018, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.25028/CNRiegos.2018.A21Zapata-Sierra, A.J., Contreras, J., Usero, F., Baeza, R. 2015. Influencia de la textura del suelo en los bulbos húmedos desarrollados en suelo enarenado con emisores de riego localizado de bajo caudal. XXXIII Congreso Nacional de Riegos Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 2015, 74-84. https://doi.org/10.4995/CNRiegos.2015.143

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Evaluación de métodos de obtención de las relaciones intensidad-duración-frecuencia de lluvia para distintas zonas geográficas

Several procedures for obtaining rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships for storm durations ranging from 10 min to 24 h and for several return periods were analyzed. The data recorded for the period 19661997 are from five different locations in southern Spain: one mountain, two inland, and two littoral stations. We analyzed the original equations of Wenzel, Bell, Chen and Témez, and other ones modified from the last two. The first step was to determine the parameters of each equation for each geographical location. Subsequently, the coefficient of variation (CV) and index of agreement (ia) of each equation were calculated in order to compare their estimations for rainfall durations of less than 2 h and less than 24 h. The results show that there is not one equation which is best suited for all the geographical areas or rainfall durations. The reference method, Wenzel apos;s equation, is the best for rainfall periods of less than 24 h, but only for the littoral and inland geographical areas. If Wenzel apos;s equation is not taken into account, the modified Témez equation proved to be the best at generating series for mountain areas and for the two rainfall periods studied. Therefore, in a regional study of rainfall durations of less than 24 h, where only 24 h data are available, and with littoral, inland and mountain areas, the modified Témez equation is strongly recommended.En el presente trabajo se analizan diferentes métodos de obtener las curvas de intensidad, duración y frecuencia de lluvia para distintos periodos de retorno y duración de la lluvia. Para ello se han empleado los datos de 5 estaciones pluviométricas en el sur de España, siendo dos de ellas estaciones litorales, otras dos interiores y una de montaña. Los registros pluviométricos analizados son desde 1966 a 1997. Se han analizado las ecuaciones de Wenzel, Bell, Chen y Témez, y otras modificadas a partir de las dos últimas. El primer paso fue determinar los parámetros de todas las ecuaciones para cada una de las localizaciones geográficas. Posteriormente se calcularon los coeficientes de variación (CV) e índice de agregación (ia) de cada ecuación para poder comparar las estimaciones realizadas por cada ecuación en dos duraciones de lluvia: menor de 2 h y menor de 24 h. Se observó que no existe ninguna ecuación que sea la mejor para todas las localizaciones geográficas y las dos duraciones. El método de referencia, ecuación de Wenzel, es el mejor método para duraciones de menos de 24 horas en zonas de litoral y de interior. Si la ecuación de Wenzel no se tiene en cuenta, la ecuación de Témez modificada resulta ser la mejor para las zonas de montaña y los dos periodos estudiados. Para estudios regionales con zonas de litoral, montaña e interior, disponiendo sólo de datos de 24 horas, y duraciones de menos de 24 horas, la ecuación de Témez modificada es la más aconsejable

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods: In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results: Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89·6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60·6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0·17, 95 per cent c.i. 0·14 to 0·21, P < 0·001) or low (363 of 860, 42·2 per cent; OR 0·08, 0·07 to 0·10, P < 0·001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -9·4 (95 per cent c.i. -11·9 to -6·9) per cent; P < 0·001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+12·1 (+7·0 to +17·3) per cent; P < 0·001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0·60, 0·50 to 0·73; P < 0·001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion: Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries

Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Background: End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection. Methods: This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model. Results: In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001). Conclusion: Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone